Chapter 3 Grammar Flashcards
Noun ใฎๅ (ใซ) / the dictionary form of verbs + ๅ (ใซ) DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:
The particle ใซ to express time is optional with ใๅ. As it can be used as a topic, ๅ can be combined with ใฏ as in ๅใฏ or ๅใซใฏ.
Noun + ใฎ + ๅ or the DICTIONARY FORM of a verb + ๅ.
Indicates that the event in the ๅ clause was NOT COMPLETED before the performance of the event in the MAIN CLAUSE. Because of this, it must ALWAYS be PLAIN FORM.
ๅพๆฅญใฎๅใซใ่ฉฑใใใใพใใ
I have to talk to you before class.
ใฒใฃใใใฎๅใซใใใใพใใชใใใพใใ
I will fix the car before moving.
ใใใใฎๅใฏใใใพใๅฏใใใชใใ
I cannot sleep well before an exam.
ๆ ่กใซ่กใๅใซใฏใ่จ็ปใใใฆใๆนใใใใงใใใ
You should make plans before you go on a trip.
ๅบใใใพใๅใซใ่ฒทใใซ่กใใใ
Letโs go shopping before the stores close.
ๅๆฅญใใๅใซใใใใใใใจใใใใ
I have something that I want to do before graduation.
็ตๅฉใใๅใซใๅฎถใ่ฒทใใใใงใใ
I want to buy a house before getting married.
็ตๅฉใใๅใซใๅฎถใ่ฒทใใพใใใ
I bought a house before getting married.
ๅ (ใซ) + ๅพ (ใง) NOTES - Particle ใ:
If the subject of the subordinate clause is different from the main clause, it must be marked with the particle ใ.
ๆฏใๆฅใๅใซใใธใใใใใใใพใใใ
I cleaned my room before my mother came.
ใใฎไผๅ ดใซใฏใๅใซๆฅใใใจใใใใพใใ
I have come to this meeting place before.
ใใฎๆนใฏใๅใฏใจใฆใใใใใ ใฃใใ
This lake was once very clean.
Noun ใฎๅพ (ใง) / the plain past affirmative form of verbs + ๅพ (ใง) DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:
The particle ใง to express time is optional with ใๅพ. Because it can be used as a topic, ๅพ can be combined with ใฏ as in ๅพใฏ or ๅพใงใฏ.
Noun + ใฎ + ๅพ or the PLAIN PAST TENSE of a verb + ๅพ
Indicates that the action in the ๅพ clause WAS COMPLETED before the event in the MAIN CLAUSE.
ๅพ can be used independently, with no clause.
ใใในใคใใใฎๅพใงใๅผใฃ่ถใใใ
I moved after the farewell party.
ๅตๆฅญๅผใฎใใจใงใๅ้ใจๅ็ใๆฎใฃใใ
I took a picture with my friend after the graduation ceremony.
ๆฅๆฌใซใใ ใใใใใๅพใงใใใฎไบบใจไผใฃใใใ
I met the person after I went to Japan on a study abroad program.
ใใ ใใใใใๅพใงใใใฃใใใใใใ
I want to get married after I get a job.
ๆจๅฑฑ๏ผๅฐๅฑฑใใใฎ้ๅฅไผใ่กใฃใ๏ผ
ใญใ ๏ผใใใใใคใใใใใฃใใใจใง่กใฃใใใใๅฐใใใใใชใฃใใใฉใ
Kiyama: Did you go to Ms. Koyamaโs farewell party?
Kim: Yeah, but I was a bit late because I went after I got off work from my part-time job.
็ฐไธญใใใฏใๅญไพใ็ใพใใๅพใงใไปไบใใฏใใใใ
Mr. Tanaka started working after his child was born.
ใฏใใใใๅพใง้ฃฒใใใผใซใฏใจใฆใใใใใใ
Beer after work is delicious
ๅพใงๆฅใฆไธใใใ
Please come later.
Talking about preparations using ใใฆใใ DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:
The ใฆ-form of the verb + ใใ is used when someone does something for a FUTURE PURPOSE or leaves the current state as is for a future purpose.
ใใฆใใ conjugates as an ใ-verb
ใใฆใใ becomes ๏ฝใจใ in casual speech
ใใ ใใใใใใๅใซใใใใใใใฎใใใใใ็ซใฆใฆใใใใปใใใใใงใใใใ
You should make plans for your future before you start looking for a job.
ใฒใฃใใใฎใใ ใใณใใใฆใใใพใใ
I will make preparations for moving.
ไปๆฉๅ้ใๆฅใใใใใฏใคใณใใฒใใใจใใพใใใใ
I will chill wine (in advance) since my friends are coming over tonight.
ใใ ใใ ใใใฏใใใๅใซใใฒใผใ ใงใใใใฉใใใ
Letโs play some more games before I start doing homework.
ๅญฆ็ใๆฅใพใใใใ้ใใฆใใใงใใ ใใใ
A student is coming, so please leave it open (for the student)
A๏ผใใใใใฎ้ปๆฐใใใใใใ
B๏ผใใใคใใจใใฆใใพใ ใๅคง่ผใๅธฐใฃใฆใใฆใชใใใใ
A: Shall I turn off the light in the entrance?
B: Leave it on. Daisukeโs not home yet.
Expressing completion, regret, and the realization that a mistake was made using ๏ฝใฆใใพใ DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:
The ใฆ-form of a verb + ใใพใ can have two interpretations, both dependent on context:
- Indicates the speaker has finished doing something more clearly than the simple verb form does (FINISHED DOING vs. having performed)
- Indicates that something that should not have happened took place, or that someone did something that he or she should not have done; often conveys REGRET
๏ฝใฆใใพใ conjugates as an ใ-verb.
๏ฝใฆใใพใ/๏ฝใงใใพใ becomes ใกใใ/ใใใ in casual speech
ๆๆฅใพใงใซๅฑฅๆญดๆธ (ใใใใใ) ใๆธใใฆใใพใใพใใ
I will finish up writing the resume by tomorrow.
ๅคใใชใฃใใใใใใใชใใใใไป้ฃในใฆใใพใฃใๆนใใใใใ
It wonโt taste good if it gets old, so you should finish it up now.
ใใฎDVDใฏใใ่ฆใฆใใพใใพใใใ
I have already seen that DVD.
ไปๆฅใฏใใใใธใงใฎใณใฐใใใฆใใพใฃใใ
I have already gone jogging today.
ใชใผใใใธใฎใใฌใผใณใใใใใคใคใใใใฃใใใ
I have already wrapped Mr. Liโs gift.
ใใ ใใ ใใฏใใใใกใใฃใใใ
My homework is finished.
ๅคงไบใชใฌใใผใใใใจใใฆใใพใฃใใ
I accidentally lost an important report.
็ฌใๆญปใใงใใพใฃใใ
My dog has died.
ใ๏ผๆ็งๆธๅฟใใกใใฃใใ
I forgot my textbook
ใใใ ใใใใใกใกใใฃใใใงใใ
I fell down the stairs.
ใใฟใพใใใ็ฐไธญใใใฎใฑใผใญใฏ็งใ้ฃในใฆใใพใฃใใใงใใ
Iโm sorry, but I ate Mr. Tanakaโs cake.
Using transitive and intransitive verbs: DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:
Transitive verbs express action directed by SOMEONE TOWARD a specific object (DIRECT OBJECT); marked with particle ใ.
Intransitive verbs are used in situations where the OBJECT ACTS ON ITS OWN WITHOUT A DIRECT OBJECT; often marked with particle ใ, but not always.
Except for some verbs like ๅ ฅใ, which can take an animate subject, as in ็งใฏใ้ขจๅใซๅ ฅใใmany intransitive verbs of transitive/intransitive verb pairs take an inanimate subject and DO NOT EXPRESS the speakerโs INTENTIONAL ACTION. When they are used with the ใฆ-form of verbs + ใใ structure, they express a resultant state (Chapter 9 of Nakama I)
ใใขใ้ใใใ
I opened the door.
ใใขใ้ใใใ
The door opened (on its own).
ใๆฏใใใฏๅญไพใๅ ซๆใซ่ตทใใใพใใ
The mother wakes the child up at eight oโclock.
ๅญไพใฏๅ ซๆใซ่ตทใใพใใ
The child wakes up at eight oโclock.