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NASM-CPT > Chapter 5: The Nervous, Muscular, and Skeletal Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 5: The Nervous, Muscular, and Skeletal Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Human movement system (HMS)

A

The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems.

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2
Q

Kinetic chain

A

A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement.

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3
Q

The Nervous System

A

A network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body.

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4
Q

Neuron

A

Specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system.

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5
Q

Nucleus

A

Cellular structure or organelle that contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes.

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6
Q

Organelles

A

Tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell. Examples include nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum.

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7
Q

Mitochondria

A

The parts of the cell that use nutrients to create energy for the cell; commonly known as the powerhouses of the cell.

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8
Q

Effector sites

A

A part of the body, such as a muscle or organ, that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response.

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9
Q

Electrolytes

A

Minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses throughout the body, such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium.

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10
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

A division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

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11
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Nerves that connect the rest of the body to the central nervous system.

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12
Q

Afferent pathway

A

Sensory pathway that relays information to the central nervous system.

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13
Q

Efferent pathway

A

A motor pathway that relays information from the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

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14
Q

interneurons

A

Neurons located within the spinal cord and brain that transmit impulses between afferent and efferent neurons.

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15
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves.

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16
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement.

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17
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (e.g., circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones).

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18
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state.

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19
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state.

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20
Q

sensory function

A

Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.

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21
Q

Proprioception

A

The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts.

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22
Q

Integrative function

A

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces an appropriate response.

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23
Q

Motor function

A

The neuromuscular (or nervous and muscular systems) response to the integrated sensory information.

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24
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.

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25
Q

Stretch reflex

A

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.

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26
Q

Golgi tendon organ (GTO)

A

A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change.

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27
Q

Joint receptors

A

Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.

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28
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The concept that the brain will continually change or grow, reforming neural pathways throughout an individual’s entire life span.

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29
Q

Neurocircuitry

A

The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord.

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30
Q

Motor skills

A

Specific movements through the coordinated effort of the sensory and motor subsystems.

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31
Q

Skeletal system

A

A description of the bones of the body.

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32
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A condition of reduced bone mineral density, which increases risk of bone fracture.

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33
Q

Joints

A

The sites where two bones meet and movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction.

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34
Q

Axial skeleton

A

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column.

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35
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle.

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36
Q

Levers

A

Rigid rods where muscles attach.

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37
Q

Remodeling

A

The process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure.

38
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue.

39
Q

osteoblasts

A

Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue.

40
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

Scientific explanation of how remodeling (new bone growth) occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone.

41
Q

Long bones

A

long, cylindrical with irregular or widened bony ends

42
Q

Short bones

A

Similar in length and width and somewhat cubical in shape

43
Q

Flat bones

A

Comprised of two layers of compact bone tissue surrounding a layer of spongy bone tissue, providing broad attachment sites for muscles

44
Q

Irregular bones

A

Unique shape and function that do not fit characteristics of the other categories

45
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Small bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint

46
Q

Depressions

A

flattened or indented portions of the bone

47
Q

Processes

A

Projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach.

48
Q

Vertebral column

A

Bones that house the spinal cord; consists of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral regions.

49
Q

Spinal cord

A

Bundle of nerves housed within the vertebrae.

50
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

Fibrous cartilage structures between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers and assist with movement.

51
Q

Neutral spine

A

Represents a position in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amount of load and can most optimally support functional movement.

52
Q

Osteokinematics

A

Movement of a limb that is visible.

53
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin

54
Q

Synovial joints

A

A joint with a fluid-filled joint capsule.

55
Q

Nonaxial

A

A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side.

56
Q

Nonsynovial joints

A

Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure.

57
Q

Ligament

A

A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

58
Q

Collagen

A

A protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body.

59
Q

Elastin

A

A protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures.

60
Q

Growth plate

A

A specialized cartilage disc located in the epiphysis that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth.

61
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement.

62
Q

Fascia

A

Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones.

63
Q

Epimysium

A

Inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle, commonly referred to as the “deep fascia.”

64
Q

Fascicles

A

Largest bundles of fibers within a muscle. Fascicles are surrounded by perimysium.

65
Q

Perimysium

A

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle.

66
Q

Endomysium

A

Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle.

67
Q

Glycogen

A

Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate.

68
Q

Myoglobin

A

Protein-based molecule that carries oxygen molecules into the muscles.

69
Q

Myofibrils

A

The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within a myofibril.

70
Q

Myofilaments

A

The filaments of a myofibril; include actin and myosin.

71
Q

Actin

A

The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction.

72
Q

Myosin

A

The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction.

73
Q

Sarcomere

A

The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines.

74
Q

Z-line

A

The meeting point of each sarcomere.

75
Q

Neural activation

A

The nervous system’s signal that tells a muscle to contract.

76
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

The specialized site where the nervous system communicates directly with muscle fibers.

77
Q

Synapse

A

A junction or small gap between the motor neuron and muscle cells.

78
Q

Motor unit

A

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates.

79
Q

Action potential

A

Nerve impulse that is relayed from the central nervous system, through the peripheral nervous system, and into the muscle across the neuromuscular junction.

80
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that cross the synapse between neuron and muscle and assist with nerve transmission.

81
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

A neurotransmitter that helps the action potential cross the synapse into the muscle, which initiates the steps in a muscle contraction.

82
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

The series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere.

83
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling

A

The physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a muscle contraction.

84
Q

Power stroke

A

The myosin heads bind to actin and pull them toward the sarcomere center, which slides the filaments past each other, shortening the muscle.

85
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

A high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body; known as the energy currency of the body.

86
Q

Resting length

A

The length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched.

87
Q

Type I muscle fibers

A

Muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue.

88
Q

Type II muscle fibers

A

Muscle fibers that are larger in size, generate higher amounts of force, and are faster to fatigue.

89
Q

All-or-nothing principle

A

Motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate; they either contract maximally or not at all.

90
Q

Capillaries

A

The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues.

NASM-CPT (27 decks)

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