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Anatomy and Physiology > Lecture Exam 3: Ch. 7, 8, and 9 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 3: Ch. 7, 8, and 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of cranial nerve III?

A

Oculomotor

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2
Q

Which of the following indicates damage to the primary motor area?

A

Inability to voluntarily move skeletal muscles

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3
Q

The pupil is the circular opening in the iris through which light passes.

A

True

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4
Q

Male sex hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are called ________.

A

Androgens

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5
Q

The inability to see distant objects is termed “nearsighted” or ________.

A

Myopia

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6
Q

Home pregnancy tests check for a hormone in the female’s urine called ________.

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

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7
Q

The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system.

A

True

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8
Q

From the optic nerve, the visual pathway continues to the optic chiasma, optic tracts, thalamus, optic radiation, and then visual interpretation occurs in the occipital lobe.

A

True

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9
Q

The blood-brain barrier is formed by ________ junctions that nearly seamlessly bind capillaries in the brain.

A

Tight

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10
Q

Aldosterone release is prevented by atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a hormone released by the heart.

A

True

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11
Q

Which hormone causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water from forming urine and as a result, increases blood volume?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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12
Q

Sensory receptors located in muscles and tendons are termed ________.

A

Proprioceptors

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13
Q

Immediately after an action potential is propagated, which one of the following ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid?

A

Potassium ions

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14
Q

Which of the following is NOT an effect of testosterone on males?

A

Stimulation of the posterior pituitary

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15
Q

An action potential is caused by an influx of ________ ions into the cell.

A

Sodium

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16
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the most important regulator of calcium ion homeostasis of the blood.

A

True

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17
Q

What is the target organ of thyrotropic hormone (TH), or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

Thyroid

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18
Q

Myelinated fibers (tracts) form ________ matter while unmyelinated fibers form ________ matter.

A

White; gray

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19
Q

Thyroid hormone controls blood calcium levels.

A

False

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20
Q

Which ion causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the axon’s membrane during the conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next?

A

Calcium

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21
Q

The adrenal cortex makes three major groups of hormones collectively called catecholamines.

A

False

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22
Q

The thalamus plays a role in regulation of body temperature, metabolism, and water balance.

A

False

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23
Q

Dynamic equilibrium receptors that detect information about angular or rotational movements of the head are housed in the ________.

A

Semicircular canals

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24
Q

Cortisone and cortisol are types of ________ produced by the middle cortical layer of the adrenal gland.

A

Glucocorticoids

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25
Q

Calcitonin is made by the ________ cells of the thyroid gland.

A

Parafollicular

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26
Q

An astigmatism results from unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens.

A

True

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27
Q

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine and the preganglionic axon releases acetylcholine.

A

True

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28
Q

Alcohol inhibits the secretion of ________.

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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29
Q

Antidiuretic hormone promotes both sodium and water retention.

A

False

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30
Q

Static equilibrium receptors are located in the ________.

A

Vestibule

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31
Q

The ________ is a connective tissue wrapping around fascicles of neuron fibers.

A

Perineurium

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32
Q

In the second-messenger system, what serves as the first messenger?

A

The hormone

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33
Q

The target of prolactin is the female breast.

A

True

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34
Q

What region of the retina lacks photoreceptor cells?

A

Optic disc (blind spot)

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35
Q

Hearing aids would be most useful for a person with ________.

A

Conduction deafness

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36
Q

The fibrous covering of the eye consists of the white outer layer, known as the ________, and a transparent portion known as the ________.

A

Sclera; cornea

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37
Q

The part of the neuron that typically conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body is the ________.

A

Axon

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38
Q

Sex hormones produced by the ovaries and testes ________.

A

Promote the formation of sex cells

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39
Q

What portion of the diencephalon acts as a relay station for sensory impulses traveling upward to the sensory cortex?

A

Thalamus

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40
Q

Growth hormone promotes the growth of skeletal muscles and long bones of the body.

A

True

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41
Q

Some people purchase melatonin as an over-the-counter medication. For what specific purpose?

A

Sleep aid

42
Q

The ciliary body is a smooth muscle structure to which the lens is attached.

A

True

43
Q

The brain and spinal cord are protected and cushioned by three connective tissue membranes that are collectively called ________.

A

Meninges

44
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood concentration of calcium ions. This mechanism operates by a ________.

A

Humoral stimulus

45
Q

The spinal cord terminates by vertebra ________.

A

L3

46
Q

What sensation is related to sitting motionless at a desk studying your anatomy and physiology material?

A

Static equilibrium

47
Q

The five taste sensations are ________.

A

Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami

48
Q

What is the reflexive movement of both eyes medially to view objects close to us?

A

Convergence

49
Q

The gel-like substance that reinforces the eyeball and prevents it from collapsing inward is the ________.

A

Vitreous humor (body)

50
Q

Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but can’t vocalize the words. The part of her brain that deals with the ability to say words properly is the ________.

A

Broca’s area

51
Q

Which of the following is a potent stimulator of aldosterone release?

A

Angiotensin II

52
Q

Most hormones are regulated by negative feedback mechanisms.

A

True

53
Q

The vibration of sound waves causes the tympanic membrane, or eardrum, to move against an ossicle known as ________.

A

Malleus or hammer

54
Q

Beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce a hormone known as ________ while the alpha cells produce a hormone known as ________.

A

Insulin; glucagon

55
Q

What are the three cranial nerves that carry taste sensations to the brain?

A

Facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus

56
Q

Ganglia are collections of ________.

A

Cell bodies

57
Q

Cones are photoreceptor cells that allow us to see gray tones in dim light.

A

False

58
Q

How would you classify a hormone that is made from cholesterol, such as a sex hormone?

A

Steroid hormone

59
Q

The bony labyrinth of the internal ear consists of the cochlea, vestibule, and the semicircular canals.

A

True

60
Q

In which cerebral lobe is the primary somaticsensory cortex located?

A

Parietal

61
Q

What are the two major functional properties of neurons?

A

Irritability and conductivity

62
Q

What specific part of the midbrain houses reflex centers for vision and hearing?

A

Corpora quadrigemina

63
Q

Which ciliated neuroglial cell circulates cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Ependymal cells

64
Q

The function of the choroid layer of the eye is to ________.

A

Prevent light from scattering inside the eye

65
Q

Water-soluble hormones, such as proteins and peptide hormones, activate target cells using ________.

A

The second-messenger system

66
Q

Glucocorticoids regulate both water and salt content of the blood.

A

False

67
Q

The small, peglike projections of the tongue’s surface are called ________.

A

Papillae

68
Q

Which of the following hormones decreases blood glucose levels?

A

Insulin

69
Q

Tiny stones made of calcium salts that roll in response to changes in gravitational pull are called ________.

A

Otoliths

70
Q

When blood glucose levels are too high, the beta cells of the pancreas release ________ to decrease levels.

A

Insulin

71
Q

The primary motor area allows us to consciously move our skeletal muscles.

A

True

72
Q

Most hormones are ________.

A

Released upon stimulation by other hormones

73
Q

What reflexes stimulate skeletal muscles?

A

Somatic

74
Q

Which one of the following correctly lists the order of the parts through which light passes as it enters the eye?

A

Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

75
Q

The “fight-or-flight” response triggers the release of ________.

A

Epinephrine

76
Q

The pineal gland produces ________.

A

Melatonin

77
Q

The enzyme produced by the kidneys when blood pressure drops, stimulating a release of aldosterone, is called ________.

A

Renin

78
Q

The transparent portion of the fibrous layer of the eye is the ________.

A

Cornea

79
Q

What membrane divides the outer ear from the middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane (ear drum)

80
Q

Which hormone is produced by the kidneys to stimulation production of red blood cells by the bone marrow?

A

Erythropoietin

81
Q

What are the major positive ions situated outside the neuron when it is polarized?

A

Sodium ions

82
Q

Depolarization of neurons results from the entry of sodium ions into the cell.

A

True

83
Q

The hypothalamus makes two hormones, ________ and ________, that are stored by the posterior pituitary.

A

Oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

84
Q

The biconvex structure that focuses light on the retina is the ________.

A

Lens

85
Q

Acromegaly is a condition that results from the hypersecretion of growth hormone after long bone growth has ended.

A

True

86
Q

What part of the eye has the greatest visual acuity?

A

Fovea centralis

87
Q

The aqueous humor of the eye is reabsorbed into venous blood through the ________.

A

Scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)

88
Q

What gland releases catecholamines?

A

Adrenal medulla

89
Q

The parasympathetic division is also called the craniosacral division since the preganglionic neurons originate in the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord.

A

True

90
Q

An ear infection following an illness such as a cold can pass from the throat through the auditory (pharyngotympanic) tube to the ________.

A

Middle ear

91
Q

What is the ability of the eye to focus on close objects?

A

Accommodation

92
Q

Cranial nerve X is the vestibulocochlear nerve, its fibers carry sensations of hearing and equilibrium to the brain.

A

False

93
Q

Damage to the cervical nerve plexus can cause problems with ________.

A

Breathing

94
Q

The hypothalamus is the “emotional-visceral” center of the brain and, thus, is an important part of the ________.

A

Limbic system

95
Q

The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the ________.

A

Diencephalon interbrain

96
Q

Fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain at the ________.

A

Optic chiasma

97
Q

Rising blood levels of aldosterone cause the kidney tubules to ________.

A

Reabsorb sodium ions

98
Q

Which layer of the eye contains rods and cones?

A

Retina

99
Q

Adrenaline is also known as epinephrine.

A

True

100
Q

A graded potential is to local depolarization as an action potential is to a nerve impulse.

A

True

Anatomy and Physiology (61 decks)

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