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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 1 - Introduction to the body > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Introduction to the body Flashcards

1
Q

abdominal cavity

A

the space that contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs; it is the superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity

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2
Q

abdominal region

A

the part of the body where the abdominopelvic cavity is

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3
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

the space that contains the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity; these cavities are not separated by a muscular or membrane wall, but are often thought of as being separate

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4
Q

abdominopelvic quadrants

A

a way of making it easier for medical personnel to identify a specific portion of the abdominopelvic cavity; the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into four quadrants:

(1) right upper quadrant (RUQ), also called right superior;
(2) right lower quadrant (RLQ), also called right inferior;
(3) left upper quadrant (LUQ), also called left superior;
(4) left lower quadrant (LLQ), also called left inferior;

it is important to note that these quadrants are from the PATIENT’S point of view, not the doctor’s, so it refers to what the patient’s right or left is, and not the doctor’s

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5
Q

acromial region

A

another word for the highest point on a shoulder blade

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6
Q

anatomical position

A

a body pose where the body is standing erect, feet and head are pointing forward, arms are at the side, and the palms are facing forward (similar to how you would lie a dead body on its back while dissecting it)

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7
Q

anatomy

A

the study of the physical structure of a body; this can be done on a dead body

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8
Q

angstrom

A

1/10,000,000,000 (ten-billionth) of a meter; the symbol is Å

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9
Q

antebrachial region

A

another name for the forearm

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10
Q

antecubital region

A

another word for the front of the elbow; plasma center donations are drawn from this region

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11
Q

anterior

A

a directional term that means “towards the front of the body”

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12
Q

anterior view

A

a point of view where you are looking at the front of the body (the side with the face, chest, and genitals in the anatomical position)

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13
Q

appendicular portion of the body

A

the part of the body that is made up of the arms and legs (also called extremities, or limbs)

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14
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in size or wasting away of a body part or tissue

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15
Q

axial portion of the body

A

the part of the body that contains the head, neck, and torso

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16
Q

axillary region

A

another name for the armpits

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17
Q

brachial region

A

another name for the upper arm (which is between the forearm and the armpit)

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18
Q

buccal region

A

another name for the lower cheek

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19
Q

calcaneal region

A

another name for the heel of the foot

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20
Q

carpal region

A

another name for the wrists

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21
Q

cells

A

the smallest living units of structure and function in the body

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22
Q

centimeter

A

1/100 of a meter

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23
Q

cephalic region

A

another name for the head

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24
Q

cervical region

A

another name for the neck

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25
Q

clavicle

A

the long horizontal bone on the shoulders; also called the collarbone

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26
Q

control center

A

the thing that determines the set point for a homeostatic variable; it takes information from the receptor and then decides on the correct course of action; it then communicates information about the correct course to the effector (example: thermostat in a building)

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27
Q

coronal plane

A

another word for the frontal plane

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28
Q

cortex

A

the outermost (or superficial) layer of an organ

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29
Q

cortical

A

a term that refers to the outer region: the cortex

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30
Q

coxal region

A

another name for the hips

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31
Q

cranial cavity

A

the space inside the skull that contains the brain

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32
Q

cranial region

A

another name for the skull or cranial cavity

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33
Q

crural region

A

another name for the front and lower part of the leg, the shin area

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34
Q

cubital region

A

another name for the elbow

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35
Q

cutaneous region

A

another name for the skin

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36
Q

deep

A

a directional term that means “towards the inside of the body”; the term internal may be used in place of deep

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37
Q

diaphragm

A

a dome-shaped muscle that is important for breathing; it separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

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38
Q

digital region

A

another name for the fingers or toes

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39
Q

directional point of view principle

A

this refers to the fact that when describing left or right, it is always done from the patient’s point of view (i.e., the patient’s right or left) and not the doctor’s

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40
Q

distal

A

a directional term that means “away from the trunk of the body”; can also refer to something that is farthest away from the connecting point between the trunk and an arm or leg

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41
Q

dorsal

A

another word for posterior

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42
Q

dorsal body cavity

A

one of the two major cavities in the human body; it protects the nervous system and has two subdivisions: the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity; it is called dorsal because the spine is in the back of the body

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43
Q

dorsal region

A

another name for the back

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44
Q

effector

A

the thing that allows the body to react to a change; it can do this by either reducing the direction the change is going in (negative feedback) or increasing the direction the change is going in (positive feedback) (example: furnace in a building that increases the heat when its cold or turns off when its too hot)

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45
Q

exercise physiology

A

the study of how exercise impacts the physiology of the body, and especially how it disrupts the body’s homeostasis

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46
Q

experimental control

A

any procedure within a scientific experiment that ensures that the test situation itself is not affecting the outcome of the experiment

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47
Q

facial region

A

another name for the face

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48
Q

feedback loop

A

a biological mechanism in the body that uses a receptor, a control center, and an effector in order to maintain homeostasis; most feedback loops in the body are negative; feedback loops can either oppose or encourage a change in the body

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49
Q

femoral region

A

another name for the thigh part of the leg

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50
Q

fibular region

A

another name for the side of the lower part of the leg that faces outward (away from the body)

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51
Q

frontal plane

A

an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into front and back parts

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52
Q

frontal region

A

another name for the forehead

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53
Q

gluteal region

A

another name for the buttocks

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54
Q

groin

A

the area that contains the pit where the thigh meets the trunk; this pit is between the genitals and the thigh; the groin is not that pit, but the groin is the muscles that are around that area

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55
Q

hallux

A

another name for the big toe

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56
Q

heel

A

the back and bottom part of the foot

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57
Q

hips

A

the general area where the femur connects with the pelvis

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58
Q

homeostasis

A

the internal and external bodily conditions required to sustain life; these must be stable in order for life to exist

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59
Q

homeostatic imbalance

A

the inability of the body to maintain an ideal homeostasis; this is the source of disease and death

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60
Q

homeostatic variable

A

a specific condition required for homeostasis; a variable has a range of values that is acceptable to fluctuate around and not a specific and exact value

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61
Q

horizontal plane

A

another word for the transverse plane

62
Q

inferior

A

a directional term that means “towards the bottom of the feet”, which means that it refers to a lower part of a structure or the body; the terms caudal or caudad may also be used in place of inferior

63
Q

inguinal region

A

another name for the groin

64
Q

lateral

A

a directional term that means “away from the midsagittal plane”

65
Q

levels of organization

A

from lowest to highest: (1) cells; (2) tissues; (3) organs; (4) systems; (5) the entire body

66
Q

lower abdominopelvic region

A

the lowest-located three regions of the nine abdominopelvic regions; it contains the right iliac region (also called the right inguinal region), the hypogastric region (in the center; it is also called the pubic region), and the left iliac region (also called the left inguinal region)

67
Q

lumbar region

A

the area that is the lower back between the ribs and pelvis

68
Q

mammary region

A

another name for the breasts

69
Q

manus

A

another word for the entire hand

70
Q

medial

A

a directional term that means “towards the midsagittal plane”

71
Q

median plane

A

another word for the midsagittal plane

72
Q

mediastinum

A

the middle part of the thoracic cavity; it contains the pericardial cavity

73
Q

medulla

A

the inner region of an organ or tissue, especially when it is distinguishable from the outer region or cortex

74
Q

medullary

A

a term that refers to an inner region: the medulla

75
Q

mental region

A

another name for the chin; do not confuse with the use of the word mental for mind

76
Q

metacarpal region

A

the region of the hand between the wrist and the fingers

77
Q

metatarsal region

A

the middle part of the foot, between the toes and the back bones of the foot

78
Q

meter

A

the base unit of length in the metric system, equal to 39.37 inches

79
Q

metric system

A

a system of measurement that uses the meter, liter, and gram as base units of length (distance), capacity (volume), and weight (mass)

80
Q

micrometer

A

1/1,000,000 (one-millionth) of a meter; the symbol is μm

81
Q

micron

A

another name for the micrometer

82
Q

middle abdominopelvic region

A

the middle-located three regions of the nine abdominopelvic regions; it contains the right lumbar region, the umbilical region (in the center), and the left lumber region; it is important to note that this is from the PATIENT’S point of view, not the doctor’s, so it refers to what the patient’s right or left is, and not the doctor’s

83
Q

midsagittal plane

A

a word that means that the sagittal plane is exactly in the middle and is dividing the body into equal halves of left and right; this is also called the midline

84
Q

millimeter

A

1/1000 of a meter

85
Q

nanometer

A

1/1,000,000,000 (one-billionth) of a meter; the symbol is nm

86
Q

nasal region

A

another name for the nose

87
Q

navel

A

another name for the belly button

88
Q

negative feedback loop

A

a type of feedback loop that opposes a change; for example: if a cold wind makes a room cold (direction of change is lower and lower temperature), the furnace will turn on to increase the heat (higher and higher temperature); the furnace is opposing the change, and that makes it a negative feedback loop

89
Q

nine abdominopelvic regions

A

another way of making it easier for medical personnel to identify a specific portion of the abdominopelvic cavity; this method divides the abdominopelvic cavity into three regions: the upper abdominopelvic region, the middle abdominopelvic region, and the lower abdominopelvic region

90
Q

occipital region

A

another name for the back of the skull

91
Q

olecranal region

A

another name for the back of the elbow

92
Q

ophthalmic region

A

another name for the orbital region, the eyes

93
Q

oral region

A

another name for the mouth

94
Q

orbital region

A

another name for the eyes

95
Q

organs

A

an organization of tissues that work together to perform a special function for the system that they belong to

96
Q

otic region

A

another name for the ears

97
Q

palm

A

the side of the hand opposite the nails

98
Q

palmar region

A

another name for the palm of the hand

99
Q

parasagittal plane

A

a word that means that the sagittal plane is not exactly in the middle, but is to the left or right of it

100
Q

parietal

A

a directional term that means “away from an internal organ”; used to describe positions inside a body cavity

101
Q

patellar region

A

another name for the front of the knee

102
Q

pedal region

A

another name for the feet

103
Q

pelvic cavity

A

the space that lies in the bony pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum; it is the inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity

104
Q

pelvic region

A

the area where the pelvic cavity is

105
Q

pericardial cavity

A

part of the mediastinum, it contains the heart, esophagus, and trachea, among others

106
Q

perineal region

A

the area where the perineum is

107
Q

perineum

A

the small area between the genitals and the anus

108
Q

physiology

A

the study of how the physical parts in a body function and work together; this is about how the body works while alive

109
Q

plantar region

A

another name for the sole

110
Q

pleural cavity

A

the left and right portions of the thoracic cavity; each pleural cavity holds a lung

111
Q

pollex

A

another name for the thumb

112
Q

popliteal region

A

the area behind the knee

113
Q

positive feedback loop

A

a type of feedback loop that encourages a change; for example: in a woman, when the baby is pushed from the uterus to the birth canal, the body responds by secreting a hormone that increases contractions until the baby is expelled; the body is encouraging the change (the baby coming out), and that makes it a positive feedback loop

114
Q

posterior

A

a directional term that means “towards the back of the body”

115
Q

posterior view

A

a point of view where you are looking at the back of the body (the side with the buttocks in the anatomical position)

116
Q

prone

A

a body position where the body is lying down with its chest and face downwards (similar to a drowned body face down in the water)

117
Q

proximal

A

a directional term that means “toward or nearest the trunk of the body”; can also refer to something that is close to the connecting point between the trunk and an arm or leg

118
Q

receptor

A

also called a sensor; a thing that detects a change and relays information about the change to the control center (example: thermometer in a building)

119
Q

sacral region

A

another name for the area at the end of the spine, directly above the buttocks

120
Q

sagittal plane

A

an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into left and right parts; this line can move

121
Q

scapula

A

the two flat bones behind the shoulders, near the places where the arms connect to the trunk; also called shoulder blades

122
Q

scapular region

A

another name for the scapula

123
Q

scientific method

A

a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses

124
Q

set point

A

the level or range at which a variable must be maintained

125
Q

sole

A

the bottom of the foot

126
Q

spinal cavity

A

the space that is made up of the spine; the spine contains the delicate spinal cord; also called the vertebral cavity

127
Q

sternal region

A

another name for the sternum

128
Q

sternum

A

a bone that makes up the front and center part of the ribs

129
Q

structure fits function

A

a phrase that refers to the fact that body parts are structured and positioned in a way that supports their function in the body

130
Q

superficial

A

a directional term that means “towards the surface of the body”; the term external may be used in place of superficial

131
Q

superior

A

a directional term that means “towards the top of the head”, which means that it refers to an upper part of a structure or the body; the terms cranial and cephalad may also be used in place of superior

132
Q

supine

A

a body position where the body is lying down with its chest and face upwards (similar to a body lying in a coffin)

133
Q

supraclavicular

A

the area above the clavicle

134
Q

sural region

A

another name for the back of the lower part of the leg (behind the shins)

135
Q

systems

A

an organization of organs that work together to perform a special function for the whole body

136
Q

tarsal region

A

another name for the ankle

137
Q

temporal region

A

another name for the sides of the skull

138
Q

thermometer

A

an instrument for measuring and displaying temperature

139
Q

thermostat

A

a device that automatically regulates temperature, or that activates a device when the temperature reaches a certain point

140
Q

thoracic cavity

A

the space that contains the ribs and muscles of the chest; also called the chest cavity; it is made up of the mediastinum and the pleural cavities

141
Q

thoracic region

A

another name for the chest, where the thoracic cavity is

142
Q

tissues

A

an organization of many cells that work together to perform a special function for the organ they belong to

143
Q

transverse plane

A

an imaginary horizontal line that divides the body into top and bottom parts

144
Q

umbilical region

A

the area around the navel

145
Q

upper abdominopelvic region

A

the highest-located three regions of the nine abdominopelvic regions; it contains the right hypochondriac region, the epigastric region (in the center), and the left hypochondriac region; it is important to note that this is from the PATIENT’S point of view, not the doctor’s, so it refers to what the patient’s right or left is, and not the doctor’s

146
Q

ventral

A

another word for anterior

147
Q

ventral body cavity

A

one of the two major cavities in the human body; it protects the internal organs and has two subdivisions: the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity; it is called ventral because the internal organs are in the front of the body

148
Q

vertebral region

A

another name for the spinal area

149
Q

viscera

A

the internal organs in the ventral body cavity; also called visceral organs

150
Q

visceral

A

a directional term that means “towards an internal organ”; used to describes position inside a body cavity

151
Q

volar region

A

refers to either the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot

152
Q

zygomatic region

A

another name for the upper cheek

Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

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