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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 2 - Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Chemistry of Life Flashcards

1
Q

acid

A

a substance capable of reacting with a base to form a salt; reacts with some metals to liberate hydrogen

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2
Q

acidosis

A

abnormally low blood pH (too acidic)

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3
Q

alkaline

A

something with a pH above 7

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4
Q

alkalosis

A

abnormally high blood pH (too alkaline)

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5
Q

amino acid

A

the basic units that form to make proteins

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6
Q

aqueous solution

A

a mixture of molecules (solutes) that use water as the solvent

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7
Q

atherosclerosis

A

a life-threatening blockage of the arteries; this blockage is caused by plaque

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8
Q

atom

A

smallest unit of matter

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9
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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10
Q

ATP

A

acronym for “adenosine triphosphate”, the primary carrier of energy in cells

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11
Q

base

A

a substance capable of reacting with an acid to form a salt; often bitter-tasting

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12
Q

biochemistry

A

the study of the chemical substances and processes occurring in live organisms

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13
Q

blood lipoprotein

A

a reference to the fact that fats can only travel in the blood if they are attached to a protein molecule; these fat-protein combinations are called lipoproteins

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14
Q

buffers

A

chemicals in the blood that maintain pH

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15
Q

catalyst

A

a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change

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16
Q

chemical bonding

A

a reference to the fact that the number of electrons in the outer energy level of an atom determines how it behaves chemically and how it may unite with other atoms

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17
Q

cholesterol

A

a lipid molecule that works with phospholipids to build cell membranes; the body also uses cholesterol as a starting point in making steroid hormones such as estrogen, testosterone, and cortisone (cortisol)

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18
Q

collagen

A

a structural protein that has a fiber shape; this allows it to hold most of the body’s tissues together

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19
Q

compounds

A

mixed substances whose molecules have more than one element in them

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20
Q

covalent bond

A

a bond that forms between atoms that share electrons; this is in contrast to the ionic bond where the electron is given away

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21
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

the process of joining two molecules (or compounds) together, following the removal of water

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22
Q

disaccharide

A

a double sugar molecule; after they are eaten, the body breaks them apart, or digests them, to form monosaccharides that can be used as cellular fuel; sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (milk sugar) are two examples

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23
Q

DNA

A

acronym for deoxyribonucleic acid; a two-stranded molecule that exists in the form of a double helix; stores all the genetic material of a cell; it also contains instructions for the synthesis of other molecules, like proteins

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24
Q

electrolyte

A

a compound that forms ions when dissolved in water; in the body they regulate the osmotic pressure in cells and help maintain the function of muscle and nerve cells. If electrolyte levels are too low or too high, cell and organ functions will decline, which could lead to life-threatening conditions.

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25
Q

elements

A

pure substances composed of only one type of atom

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26
Q

energy level

A

also called shells; energy levels are stacks of orbitals; the farther the orbitals are from the nucleus, the higher the energy; there can be multiple levels; the first energy level has 1 orbital, the second has 4

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27
Q

enzymes

A

a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction

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28
Q

functional proteins

A

proteins that have shapes that enable them to participate in chemical processes of the body; some hormones are functional proteins

29
Q

glucose

A

also called dextrose; the most abundant monosaccharide and the most important source of energy in all organisms; cells use it as their primary source of energy

30
Q

glycogen

A

a short-term form of energy storage

31
Q

HDL

A

acronym for high-density lipoprotein; a lipoprotein that has more protein than fat

32
Q

homeostasis of pH

A

a reference to the fact that the pH of blood must be maintained within a narrow range or risk disrupting the body

33
Q

hydrolysis

A

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water

34
Q

ion

A

an atom or molecule with a net electric charge (positive or negative) due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons

35
Q

ionic bond

A

a bond that forms between an atom that has only one or two electrons in the outermost level (that would normally hold eight) and an atom that needs only one or two electrons to fill its outer level. The atom with one or two electrons simply “donates” its outer shell electrons to the one that needs one ortwo. In this sense, the electron is given away permanently.

36
Q

ionic dissociation

A

a description of what happens when the addition of a solvent (e.g. water) or of energy in the form of heat causes ionic bonds to break up into free individual ions

37
Q

ionize

A

convert (an atom, molecule, or substance) into an ion or ions, typically by removing one or more electrons

38
Q

ionizing radiation

A

subatomic particles or electromagnetic waves that have sufficient energy to ionize atoms or molecules by detaching electrons from them

39
Q

isotope

A

atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic masses (e.g. hydrogen can be in three forms, all have the same atomic number of 1 proton, but different numbers of neutrons)

40
Q

keratin

A

a structural protein that forms a waterproof network of fibers; it is used in the outer layer of skin

41
Q

LDL

A

acronym for low-density lipoprotein; a lipoprotein that has more fat than protein; often associated with bad cholesterol because high levels of LDL are associated with atherosclerosis

42
Q

matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

43
Q

molecules

A

particles of matter composed of one or more atoms

44
Q

monosaccharide

A

the basic unit of carbohydrate molecules; any of the class of sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar

45
Q

nuclear medicine

A

the branch of medicine that deals with the use of radioactive substances in research, diagnosis, and treatment

46
Q

nucleotide

A

a molecule consisting of a nitrogen-containing base (adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine in DNA; adenine, guanine, uracil, or cytosine in RNA), a phosphate group, and a sugar (deoxyribose in DNA; ribose in RNA)

47
Q

nucleus (chemistry)

A

the core of the atom, made up of protons and neutrons

48
Q

orbital

A

an orbit that electrons make around a nucleus, to complete the atomic structure
each orbital has 2 electrons

49
Q

organic compound

A

a compound composed of molecules that have a carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen covalent bond or both; inorganic compounds never have the aforementioned covalent bonds

50
Q

peptide bond

A

a type of covalent bond that joins amino acids together

51
Q

phospholipid

A

a lipid molecule that contains phosphorus; used to help build cell membranes

52
Q

plaque (atherosclerosis)

A

a sticky substance made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood

53
Q

polysaccharide

A

a molecule with more than 2 sugars; examples are glycogen and starch

54
Q

product

A

any substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction

55
Q

radiation

A

energy that comes from a source and travels through space at the speed of light

56
Q

radiation sickness

A

illness caused by exposure of the body to ionizing radiation, characterized by nausea, hair loss, diarrhea, bleeding, and damage to the bone marrow and central nervous system

57
Q

radioactive isotope

A

an isotope with an unstable nucleus that gives off radiation; these are sometimes used in nuclear medicine as the radiation can be measured

58
Q

reactant

A

a substance consumed in the course of a chemical reaction

59
Q

RNA

A

acronym for ribonucleic acid; a single-stranded molecule; its function is to carry out the instructions encoded in DNA

60
Q

salt (not table salt)

A

a neutral ionic compound formed by the mixture of a base and an acid

61
Q

solute

A

the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent

62
Q

solution

A

a liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is uniformly distributed within the major component (the solvent)

63
Q

solvent

A

a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution

64
Q

stable atom

A

an atom is stable when its outer energy level is full (when it can hold the maximum number of electrons); atoms often interact with each other by bonding so that they can be stable

65
Q

starch

A

a form of energy storage used by plants

66
Q

structural protein

A

proteins shaped in ways that allow them to form essential structures of the body

67
Q

subatomic particles

A

the positively charged protons, uncharged neutrons, and negatively charged electrons that make up an atom

68
Q

synthesis

A

the forming or building of a more complex substance or compound from elements or simpler compounds

69
Q

triglyceride

A

a lipid molecule that is the main constituent of body fat in humans and other vertebrates, as well as vegetable fat

Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

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