Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 7 - Skeletal system > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

calcitonin (CT)

A

a hormone produced from the thyroid gland that increases mineralization of bone and thus reduces blood calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

a hormone from the parathyroid glands that counterbalances the effects of calcitonin by decreasing calcium in the bone and thus increasing blood calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

homeostasis of blood calcium

A

a reference to the fact that the body regulates the amount of calcium in the blood by moving the calcium to the bones when the blood calcium is too high and taking calcium away from the bones when the blood calcium is too low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

red bone marrow

A

soft connective tissue inside the hard walls of some bones that produces both red and white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

hematopoiesis

A

the process of blood cell formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

four major types of bones

A

Long bones—e.g., humerus or arm bone
Short bones—e.g., carpals or wrist bones
Flat bones—e.g., frontal or skull bone
Irregular bones—e.g., vertebrae or spinal bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

sesamoid bones

A

also called round bones; the term sesamoid means “like a sesame seed”; it refers to certain bones which may develop around a tendon, like the kneecap; sometimes considered to be a fifth type of major bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

diaphysis

A

also known as the shaft; a hollow tube made of hard, compact bone, hence a rigid and strong structure light enough in weight to permit easy movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

medullary cavity

A

the hollow area inside the diaphysis of a bone; contains soft yellow bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

epiphyses (singular: epiphysis)

A

the ends of the bone—red bone marrow fills in small spaces in the spongy bone composing the epiphyses; some yellow marrow may appear as a person ages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

articular cartilage

A

a thin layer of cartilage covering each epiphysis; functions like a small rubber cushion would if it were placed over the ends of bones where they form a joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

periosteum

A

a strong membrane of dense fibrous tissue covering a long bone everywhere except at joint surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

endosteum

A

a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

marrow made mostly of fat that contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

diploe

A

the cancellous bone layer in flat bones, sandwiched between compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

trabeculae

A

a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod that supports or anchors a framework of parts within a body or organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

strut

A

(1) a rod or bar forming part of a framework and designed to resist compression
(2) a stiff, erect, and apparently arrogant or conceited gait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

concentric lamella

A

tubes of different sizes fitting inside each other to surround the central canal of an osteon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

haversian canal

A

also called the central canal; the center of an osteon, surrounded by concentric lamella; it is filled with blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

lacuna

A

a small space, containing an osteocyte in bone, or a chondrocyte in cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Volkmann canals

A

also called transverse canals; they are canals that connect haversian canals to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

canaliculi

A

canals that connect the lacuna together and that are involved in distributing nutrients to all the bone cells in bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cartilage

A

a strong and smooth substance made up of “chondrocytes,” or specialized cartilage cells, that functions to cover and protect bones and nerves and forms the structural component of some body parts like the ear and nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

osteoblast

A

a type of bone cell that creates bone tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

osteoclast

A

a type of bone cell that breaks down bone tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

osteocyte

A

a bone cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

endochondral ossification

A

one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system by which bone tissue is created; it creates bone from a cartilage model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

also called the growth plate; a thin layer of cartilage that lies between the epiphyses and metaphysis, and is where the growth of long bones takes place during childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

metaphysis

A

the neck portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. It contains the growth plate, the part of the bone that grows during childhood, and as it grows it ossifies near the diaphysis and the epiphyses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

the process by which some bones, such as the skull bones, are formed; they are formed by calcification of fibrous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

fontanels

A

the soft spots on a newborn baby’s skull; they are areas of fibrous membrane that have not yet fully ossified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

axial skeleton

A

the bones of the skull, spine, and chest and the hyoid bone in the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

the bones of the upper extremities (shoulder, pectoral girdles, arms, wrists, and hands) and the lower extremities (hip, pelvic girdles, legs, ankles, and feet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

osteoporosis

A

a bone disease that occurs when the body loses too much bone, makes too little bone, or both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

sinus

A

space or cavity within some of the cranial bones

36
Q

suture

A

(1) an immovable junction between two bones, such as those of the skull
(2) a stitch or row of stitches holding together the edges of a wound or surgical incision

37
Q

hyoid bone

A

a U-shaped bone in the neck which supports the tongue

38
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

the vertebrae of the neck, immediately below the skull; It consists of 7 bones, from top to bottom, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7.

39
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. In human, thoracic vertebrae consists of 12 bones. From top to down, T1, T2, …, T12

40
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

In human anatomy, the five vertebrae between the rib cage and the pelvis. They are the largest segments of the vertebral column. It consists of 5 bones, from the top down, L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5.

41
Q

sacrum

A

a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine that forms by the fusing of the sacral vertebrae (S1–S5) between ages 18 and 30.

42
Q

coccyx

A

commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the vertebral column in all apes and humans; in child, three to five separate vertebrae and in adult, fused into one

43
Q

vertebral foramen

A

a hole in the cervical and vertical vertebra, through which the spinal cord passes

44
Q

meninges

A

The three thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord

45
Q

transverse process

A

a small bony projection off the right and left side of each vertebrae

46
Q

articular processes

A

also called zygapophyses; projections of the vertebra that serve the purpose of fitting with an adjacent vertebra. The actual region of contact is called the articular facet.

47
Q

atlas (anatomy)

A

the most superior (first) cervical vertebra of the spine, located in the neck

48
Q

axis (anatomy)

A

the second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine, immediately posterior to the atlas, upon which the head rests

49
Q

concave curvatures (spine)

A

the concave cervical and lumbar curves of the spine in adults and non-infant children

50
Q

convex curvatures (spine)

A

the convex thoracic and sacral curves of the spine in adults and non-infant children

51
Q

spinal curvature of an infant

A

a reference to the fact that the spine in infants forms a continuous convex curve from top to bottom

52
Q

purpose of spinal curvature

A

the spine is curved because that gives it greater ability to support the weight of the body

53
Q

true ribs

A

upper seven pairs of ribs; attached to sternum by costal cartilages

54
Q

false ribs

A

Lower five pairs of ribs; first three pairs attached to sternum by costal cartilage of seventh ribs; lowest two pairs do not attach to sternum, therefore called floating ribs

55
Q

costal cartilage

A

segments of cartilage that connect the sternum to the ribs and help to extend the ribs into a forward motion

56
Q

radius and ulna

A

the two bones in the forearm (part of arm between hand and elbow)

it helps to think of the radius as the bone in line with the thumb, considered lateral as it is away from the body’s midpoint (in the anatomic position)

ulna is medial, towards the body’s midpoint, and in line with the small finger

57
Q

humerus

A

the arm bone between your shoulder and your elbow

58
Q

articulation

A

(1) a joint or juncture between bones or cartilages in the skeleton of a vertebrate
(2) a movable joint between rigid parts of an animal
(3) the action or manner of jointing or interrelating
(4) the state of being jointed or interrelated
(5) the act of giving utterance or expression
(6) the act or manner of articulating sounds

59
Q

phalanges (singular: phalanx)

A

the bones that make up the fingers of the hand and the toes of the foot

60
Q

acetabulum

A

a deep, cup-shaped socket that connects the femur to the hips

61
Q

pelvic girdle

A

also called hip girdle; part of body that connects the legs to the trunk

62
Q

girdle

A

something that encircles or confines: such as (1) an article of dress encircling the body usually at the waist; (2) a woman’s close-fitting undergarment

63
Q

loins

A

(1) the part of the body on both sides of the spine between the lowest (false) ribs and the hipbones
(2) the region of the sexual organs, especially when regarded as the source of erotic or procreative power

64
Q

patella

A

the kneecap

65
Q

fibula and tibia

A

one of the two bones that make up the lower part of the leg

tibia is in line with the toe and is bigger, fibula is in line with the smallest toe and is smaller

66
Q

calcaneus

A

the largest of the tarsal bones in the foot. It lies at the back of the foot (hindfoot) below the three bones that make up the ankle joint

67
Q

fallen arches

A

also called flatfeet; a condition where the foot ligaments and tendons weaken, causing the foot to sit completely flat on a surface (the reason why I need custom arches)

68
Q

foot arch

A

the foot has three arches normally (except in the case of fallen arches): the medial longitudinal and lateral longitudinal arches which run from near the ankle to near the toes and the anterior transverse which runs from side to side of the foot

69
Q

longitudinal

A

(1) running lengthwise rather than across (length is the longest dimension)
(2) relating to longitude (not related to length); measured from east to west

70
Q

transverse

A

(1) acting, lying, or being across; set crosswise

(2) made at right angles to the long axis of the body

71
Q

palpable

A

(1) capable of being touched or felt

(2) easily perceptible

72
Q

three types of joint classifications

A

One classification method classifies joints into three types according to the degree of movement they allow:

  1. Synarthrosis —no movement
  2. Amphiarthrosis —slight movement
  3. Diarthrosis —free movement
73
Q

joint capsule

A

an envelope surrounding a synovial joint; each joint capsule has two parts: an outer fibrous layer or membrane, and an inner synovial layer or membrane

74
Q

synovial joint

A

the type of joint found between bones that move against each other, such as the joints of the limbs (e.g. shoulder, hip, elbow and knee)

75
Q

ball-and-socket joints

A

a ball-shaped head of one bone fits into a concave socket of another bone. Shoulder and hip joints, for example, are ball-and-socket joints. Of all the joints in our bodies, these permit the widest range of movements.

76
Q

hinge joints

A

like the hinges on a door, allow movements in only two directions, namely, flexion and extension. Flexion is bending a joint and extension is straightening it out. Elbow and knee joints and the joints in the fingers are hinge joints

77
Q

pivot joints

A

those in which a small projection of one bone pivots in an arch of another bone. For example, recall that a projection of the axis (second cervical vertebra) is a point around which an arch of the atlas (first cervical vertebra) can pivot. This permits rotation of the head, which rests on the atlas.

78
Q

saddle joints

A

Only one pair of saddle joints exists in the body—between the metacarpal bone of each thumb and a carpal bone of the wrist (the name of this carpal bone is the trapezium). Because the articulating surfaces of these bones are saddle-shaped, they make possible the human thumb’s great mobility, a mobility no animal’s thumb possesses.

79
Q

saddle

A

(1) a seat fastened on the back of a horse or other animal for riding, typically made of leather and raised at the front and rear.
(2) a low part of a ridge between two higher points or peaks

80
Q

gliding joints

A

the least movable diarthrotic joints. Their flat articulating surfaces allow limited gliding movements, such as that at the superior and inferior articulating processes between successive vertebrae

81
Q

condyloid joints

A

those in which a condyle (an oval projection) fits into an elliptical socket. An example is the fit ofthe distal end of the radius into depressions in the carpal bones

82
Q

total hip replacement (THR)

A

The THR procedure involves replacement of the femoral head by a metal prosthesis and the acetabular socket by a polyethylene cup. The prostheses are usually coated with a porous material that allows natural growth of bone to mesh with the artificial material. Such meshing of tissue and prostheses ensures stability of the parts without the loosening that the use of glues in the past often allowed. First introduced in 1953, THR technique has advanced to the state that the procedure has very high success rates in older adults.

83
Q

prosthesis

A

an artificial body part, such as a leg, a heart, or a breast implant

84
Q

acetabular socket

A

the socket of the ball-and-socket hip joint

85
Q

polyethylene

A

the most common plastic in use today

86
Q

gamete

A

an organism’s reproductive cells

87
Q

arthropod

A

Any of numerous invertebrate animals of the phylum Arthropoda, including the insects, crustaceans (e.g shrimp, lobster, crayfish), arachnids, and myriapods (e.g. centipede, millipede)

Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions