Memory

Question 1

Alzheimer?s disease

Answer 1

a neurodegenerative disease that involves the progressive loss of neurons in the brain and is characterised by memory decline p. 219

Question 2

Amygdala

Answer 2

a brain structure involved in encoding and consolidating emotionally charged memories p. 205

Question 3

Amyloid plaques

Answer 3

fragments of the protein beta-amyloid that accumulate into insoluble plaques that inhibit communication between neurons p. 220

Question 4

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 4

a condition where new explicit memories cannot be effectively consolidated after trauma to the hippocampus p. 219

Question 5

Atkinson-Shiffrin multi-store model of memory

Answer 5

a model of memory which outlines the flow of information in memory formation and retrieval through three separate stores of memory; sensory, short-term and long-term, each of which have a different function, capacity and duration p. 195

Question 6

Classically conditioned memory

Answer 6

a type of implicit memory which involves an involuntary response, such as fear, to a stimulus which has repeatedly been associated with an emotionally arousing stimulus p. 204

Question 7

Context dependent cues

Answer 7

stimuli in the physical environment where a memory is recalled that act as a prompt to retrieve memories formed in that environment p. 224

Question 8

Cued recall

Answer 8

retrieving information from memory with the use of a prompt p. 231

Question 9

Echoic memory

Answer 9

a type of sensory memory which temporarily stores auditory information p. 195

Question 10

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 10

encoding new information by meaningfully linking it to information already stored in long-term memory to enhance its storage and later retrieval p. 225

Question 11

Encoding

Answer 11

the process of converting raw information from stimuli into a useable form which can be stored in the brain p. 195

Question 12

Episodic memory

Answer 12

a type of explicit memory which involves a personal experience or event p. 203

Question 13

Explicit memory

Answer 13

(also known as declarative memory) a type of long-term memory that can be consciously retrieved p. 203

Question 14

Eye-witness testimony

Answer 14

an account given by an individual of an event they have directly observed p. 237

Question 15

Free recall

Answer 15

retrieving information from memory in any order without the use of a prompt p. 231

Question 16

Hippocampus

Answer 16

a brain structure which encodes explicit memories p. 205

Question 17

Iconic memory

Answer 17

a type of sensory memory which temporarily stores visual information p. 195

Question 18

Implicit memory

Answer 18

(also known as non-declarative memory) a type of long-term memory that is retrieved unconsciously p. 203

Question 19

Leading questions

Answer 19

questions that contain information that imply or prompt a certain response p. 237

Question 20

Long-term memory

Answer 20

store of memory in which a potentially unlimited amount of information is stored for a relatively permanent amount of time p. 197

Question 21

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 21

repeating new information over and over again to functionally enhance the duration of short-term memory and transfer information to long-term memory p. 225

Question 22

Memory

Answer 22

the process of encoding, storing and retrieving learned information p. 195

Question 23

Neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 23

an accumulation of the protein tau that forms insoluble tangles within neurons, which then inhibit the transport of essential substances throughout the neuron, eventually killing the neuron entirely p. 220

Question 24

Primacy effect

Answer 24

enhanced recall of information presented at the beginning of a list due to this information being rehearsed and transferred into long term memory p. 226

Question 25

Procedural memory

Answer 25

a type of implicit memory which involves knowing how to carry out tasks, facilitated by motor skills p. 203

Question 26

Recall

Answer 26

a method of retrieving information from memory p. 231

Question 27

Recency effect

Answer 27

enhanced recall of information presented at the end of a list due to this information remaining in short term memory p. 226

Question 28

Recognition

Answer 28

identifying information from memory amongst a list of alternatives p. 232

Question 29

Reconstruction

Answer 29

the process of reproducing and piecing together information from memory in an attempt to form a coherent representation of a past event or stimuli p. 233

Question 30

Retention

Answer 30

the second stage of observational learning. The learner must create a mental representation and remember (retain) the behaviour the model has demonstrated p. 180

Question 31

Retrieval

Answer 31

accessing information which has previously been stored in the brain p. 195

Question 32

Retrieval cue

Answer 32

stimuli that act as a prompt to access information from long-term memory p. 224

Question 33

Semantic memory

Answer 33

a type of explicit memory which consists of general knowledge or facts p. 203

Question 34

Sensory memory

Answer 34

store of memory which very briefly stores raw information detected by the senses such as sight, hearing and touch p. 195

Question 35

Serial position effect

Answer 35

a tendency for free recall to be superior for items at the end and beginning of a list compared to items in the middle p. 226

Question 36

Serial recall

Answer 36

retrieving information from memory in the order in which it was first encoded p. 231

Question 37

Short-term memory

Answer 37

(also known as working memory) store of memory which holds information that is consciously being attended to and actively manipulated p. 196

Question 38

State dependent cues

Answer 38

aspects of an individual?s psychological and physiological experience at the time a memory was formed that later act as a prompt to retrieve that memory p. 224

Question 39

Storage

Answer 39

retaining converted information so it can be accessed and used in the future p. 195