Learning

Question 1

Acquisition

Answer 1

when a response or behaviour is first learned p. 157

Question 2

Antecedent

Answer 2

a stimulus that causes a voluntary behaviour to occur p. 171

Question 3

Attention

Answer 3

the first stage of observational learning. Learners must actively focus on the model in order to learn p. 180

Question 4

Behaviour

Answer 4

a voluntary action in response to an antecedent p. 171

Question 5

Classical conditioning

Answer 5

a model of learning in which organisms learn through the involuntary association of two or more stimuli p. 154, 432

Question 6

Conditioned emotional responses

Answer 6

an emotional response to a stimulus that doesn?t naturally produce that response, learned through the process of classical conditioning p. 165

Question 7

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 7

a response caused by the conditioned stimulus p. 155

Question 8

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 8

a stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus p. 155

Question 9

Consequence

Answer 9

an event following an action that makes it either more or less likely to occur again p. 171

Question 10

Extinction

Answer 10

when a learned response or behaviour no longer occurs for an extended period of time p. 157, 173

Question 11

Model

Answer 11

the individual who is performing the behaviour that is being watched/ observed p.179

Question 12

Motivation

Answer 12

the fourth stage of observational learning. The learner must want to reproduce the behaviour in order for learning to occur p. 181

Question 13

Negative reinforcement

Answer 13

when a stimulus is removed in order to encourage a behaviour to occur again p. 172

Question 14

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 14

a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response p. 155

Question 15

Observational learning

Answer 15

(also known as social learning, vicarious conditioning, or modelling) a type of learning that occurs through watching the actions of a model and the consequences that their actions receive p. 179

Question 16

Operant conditioning

Answer 16

learning through the association of a behaviour and the consequence it receives p. 170, 433

Question 17

Positive punishment

Answer 17

when a stimulus is added in order to discourage a behaviour from occurring again p. 172

Question 18

Positive reinforcement

Answer 18

when a stimulus is added in order to encourage a behaviour to occur again p. 172

Question 19

Punishment

Answer 19

(also known as positive punishment) a type of consequence that makes the behaviour less likely to occur again p. 172

Question 20

Reinforcement

Answer 20

a type of consequence that makes the behaviour more likely to occur again p. 172, 181

Question 21

Relearning

Answer 21

learning information another time after having already learned this information in the past p. 232

Question 22

Reproduction

Answer 22

the third stage of observational learning. The learner must have the physical and mental capabilities to reproduce the observed behaviour p. 180

Question 23

Response cost

Answer 23

Negative punishment & when a stimulus is removed in order to discourage a behaviour occurring again p. 172

Question 24

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 24

the return of a previously extinguished learned response or behaviour p. 157, 173

Question 25

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 25

the process in which an organism only demonstrates a certain response or behaviour to the stimulus it was first acquired in response to p. 158, 173

Question 26

Stimulus generalisation

Answer 26

a process in which the learner demonstrates a response or behaviour to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus or antecedent p. 158, 173

Question 27

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 27

a natural (unlearned) behaviour to a given stimulus p. 155

Question 28

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 28

a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response p. 155

Question 29

Voluntary response

Answer 29

an action coordinated by the body that is performed with conscious control and intention p. 70