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NPLEX I > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

vas deferens

A

Ducts that conveys sperm from he testicle to the urethra

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2
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

The seminal vesicles (also known as the vesicular or seminal glands) are a pair of glands found in the male pelvis, which function to produce many of the constituent ingredients of semen. They ultimately provide around 70% of the total volume of semen

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3
Q

bulbourethral gland

A

In response to sexual stimulation, the bulbourethral glands secrete an alkaline mucus-like fluid. This fluid neutralizes the acidity of the urine residue in the urethra, helps to neutralize the acidity of the vagina, and provides some lubrication for the tip of the penis during intercourse

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4
Q

What is 5 alpha-reductase?

A

The enzyme that converts testosterone into Dihydrotestosterone

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5
Q

What is the function of dihydrotestosterone?

A

DHT is biologically important for sexual differentiation of the male genitalia during embryogenesis, maturation of the penis and scrotum at puberty, growth of facial, body, and pubic hair, and development and maintenance of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles.

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6
Q

What does LH (leutinizing hormone) do in males?

A

Make the Leydig cell pump out testosterone
For men, luteinizing hormone stimulates the production of testosterone from Leydig cells in the testes. Testosterone, in turn, stimulates sperm production and helps accentuate male characteristics — like a deep voice or growth of facial hair.

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7
Q

remember

A

A negative feedback system occurs in the male with rising levels of testosterone acting on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to inhibit the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH. The Sertoli cells produce the hormone inhibin, which is released into the blood when the sperm count is too high.

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8
Q

What does inhibin do?

A

High levels of inhibin reduce the release of LH and FSH

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9
Q

What is the function of epididymis?

A

Store and matures sperm
The epididymis is a long, coiled tube that rests on the backside of each testicle. It carries and stores sperm cells that are created in the testes. It’s also the job of the epididymis to bring the sperm to maturity — the sperm that emerge from the testes are immature and incapable of fertilization.

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10
Q

Epidimytitis and orchitis

A

Associated with UTI and prostatitis, GC, or Chlamydia in men under 35
E. coli pseundomas in men over 35
mumps 1 week after onset

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11
Q

Varicocele

A

Scrotal varicosity, abnormal dilation and tortuosity of pampiniform plexus of veins
99% left-sided

A varicocele (VAR-ih-koe-seel) is an enlargement of the veins within the loose bag of skin that holds your testicles (scrotum). A varicocele is similar to a varicose vein you might see in your leg. Varicoceles are a common cause of low sperm production and decreased sperm quality, which can cause infertility.

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12
Q

Hydrocele

A

accumulation of serous fluid in the scrotum

occurs developmentally in the descent of testis or second to inflammations, painless, enlarged fluctuant scrotum

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13
Q

Hematocele/torsion

A

blood in scrotal sac due to trauma or sx spontaneously in atherosclerosis, DM, scurvy

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14
Q

Seminomas

A

Most common tumor with cryptorchidism
best prognosis of testicular tumors
metastasis to lymphatics
some have incrased HCG

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15
Q

Bacterial Prostatitis

A

e.coli and other gram-negative rods, staph, GC
dysuria, fever, tender, boggy prostate, painful
chronic prostatitis > mb asymptomatic or low back pain, dysuria, positive culture in expressed secretions, tx difficult

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16
Q

Chronic abacterial prostitis

A

Mostly common chlamydia, ureaplasma, no history of recurrent UTI
15 WBC per HPF, cultures negative

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17
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia/Nodular hyperplasia

A

discrete nodules in periurethral area middle and lateral lobes, partial or complete obstruction
TUP sx, dihydrotestosterone causes hyperplasia

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18
Q

Carcinoma of Prostate

A

Most common cancer of men, usually posterior lobe
hematogenous spread is mainly to lumbar spine, femur, pelvis, thoracic spine, ribs; local invasion, blacks higher incidence

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19
Q

Acute cervicitis

A

GC, Chlamydia, trichonomas,

Cervical motion tenderness + mucopurulent discharge

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20
Q

Chronic cervicitis

A

Vaginal bacterial overgrowth causing irritation of cervix, transformational zone

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21
Q

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

A

Mostly benign dysplasia in transformational zone

We try to stop dysplasia before they get anaplastic

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22
Q

Cervical cancer

A

DPV 16, 18, 31, 33..
Exposure replayed spread:
Early age first intercourse
Mutual sexual partners

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23
Q

Cervical squamous cell carcinoma

A 
90% of cervical cancer
Peak at age 40-60
Stage I-IV spread and prognosis:
Stage I 80% 5 yr survival
Stage IV has a 10-15% 5 yr survival 
Most are asymptomatic
Bleeding post intercourse can be a common sign
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24
Q

Acute endometritis

A

Bacterial infection group A strep, staph follwoing delivery or miscarriage

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25
Q

Chronic Endometritis

A

PID, IUD, TB, Chamydia

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26
Q

Endometriosis

A

endometrial cells outside the uterus
May fall anywhere
Ovary and adnexa are most common

often painful disorder in which tissue similar to the tissue that normally lines the inside of your uterus — the endometrium — grows outside your uterus. Endometriosis most commonly involves your ovaries, fallopian tubes and the tissue lining your pelvis.

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27
Q

Endometrial Polyps

A

May be estrogen receptive or Tamoxifen induced.
Not considered precancerous
Causes menorrhagia

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28
Q

Leiomyoma/fibroid

A 
Most common tumor in women
Estrogen dependent
Fibroid myometrium
Asymptomatic or symptomatic:
- Compressive Sn/Sx
- Bleeding
- Urinary frequency
- Infertility
Leio = smooth
Myo =  muscle
oma = tumor
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29
Q

How is the uterus anchored to the sacral bone?

A

By the uterosacral ligaments

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30
Q

Parts of the uterus

A

Ovaries, ovarian ligament, fimbriae infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, fundus, cervix, body, round ligaments (anteriorly), cardinal ligaments (laterally), mesometrium (part of the broad ligament)

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31
Q

Uterine adenocarcinoma

A 
Most common invasive cancer of the female tract
More common than the leiomyoma
Age 55-65
DM
Hypertension
Nulliparous
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32
Q

Oophoritis

A

inflammation of the ovaries; uncommon`

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33
Q

Follicular cysts

A

Common, physiologic, may cause pelvic pain
follicular cyst occurs when the follicle of the ovary doesn’t rupture or release its egg. Instead, it grows until it becomes a cyst.
Cysted formed during the first 2 weeks

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34
Q

Luteal cyst

A

Corpus luteal (CL) cysts are a type of functional ovarian cyst that results when a corpus luteum fails to regress following the release of an ovum
Fails to regress
Normal, may rupture into the peritoneum and cause inflammation
Cyst formed during the second 2 weeks

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35
Q

PCO/ Stein-Leventhal Syndrome

A

Polycystic ovary syndrome
Poly = many
Cystic = cysts
Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis
Too much release of LH causing the theca cells to produces excess amounts of androstenedione. It flows into the blood. Then it gets converted into estrone by aromatase in fats. This causes negative feedback to the anterior pituitary.

You have an ovarian system that is not moving androgen to estrogen; androgen excess.

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36
Q

How is the normal menstrual cycle divided?

A

Follicular phase - before ovulation

Luteal phase - after ovulation

37
Q

What happens during the follicular phase?

A

The hypothalamus release Gonadaltropic releasing hormone. This hormone gets into the anterior pituitary and makes it secrete other hormones, called gonadotropins such as LH and FSH.

38
Q

Where do the FSH and LH travel to once they are released from the anterior pituitary?

A

To the follicles in the ovaries

39
Q

What are follicles?

A

follicles are small clusters of theca and granulosa cells. They protect the developing egg (oocyte)
Theca cells have receptors for the LHs. Lh makes theca cells release androstenedione.
Granulosa cells have receptors for the FSH. These make the granulosa cells release aromatase which converts androstenedione into 17 B estradiol
With the rise in 17 B estradiol, negative feedback occurs telling the hypothalamus to release less FSH

40
Q

Remember

A

the first 2 weeks are follicular and the second 2 weeks are luteal.
1st 2 weeks, estrogen dominant.
2nd two weeks, progesterone predominant

41
Q

Tumor of ovaries

A 
80% are benign cysts
Malignant disease increases after 40 years
Risk:
- BRCA and other genetic makers
Nulliparous

May be more fatal due to
- Usually asymptomatic; Dx at high grade/stage
May have GI symptoms

42
Q

Skenes ducts

A

found close to the urethra.

believed to secrete a substance to lubricate the urethra opening.

43
Q

Bartholin’s glands

A

helps lubricate the vagina

located on each side of the entrance to the vagina

44
Q

vulva dystrophy

A

Vulvar dystrophy is a condition that is caused by an abnormal growth of skin on the vulva

45
Q

Lichen Sclerosus

A

after menopause, skin parchment-like, vaginal mucosa thinned, dryness, discomfort

46
Q

LH

A

induces ovulation

47
Q

Metabolism - (ovarian) sex steroids

A

Cholesterol - pregnenolone - 17 alpha hydroxypregnenolone - either dehydroepiandrosterone or androstenedione

48
Q

What converts androstenedione into testosterone?

A

aromatase

49
Q

Remember

A

Aromatase is the enzyme that creates estrogens from androgens

50
Q

Menopause

A

40-55 yrs
52 is average in US
No menses for 12 or more months

51
Q

Breast benign conditions

A

Congenital nipple inversion

Galactocele (cyst in lactiferous duct or lobule)

52
Q

Acute mastitis

A

Bacterial infection of the lactating breast
Staph
Fever

53
Q

Mammary duct ectasia

A

dilation of lactiferous ducts usually multiparous women 50-60 yrs, mb abnormal abnormal mammogram

54
Q

mammary duct ectasia

A

benign (non-cancerous) breast condition that occurs when a milk duct in the breast widens and its walls thicken. This can cause the duct to become blocked and lead to fluid build-up

55
Q

Carcinoma

A 
in ductal and glandular tissue
Number 1 female cancer
Family hx: mutation of BRCA 1
Estrogen: Early menarche / late menopause
Nulliparous
56
Q

What does nulliparous mean?

A

Term used to describe women who can no longer give birth to a child

57
Q

Paget’s disease of the breast

A

Palpable mass in the breast

Starts in the milk ducts of the nipple

58
Q

How many stages are there between fertilization and implantation?

A 
4 stages
1 - fertilization to zygote formation
2 -  2 cell stage through morula 2-3
3 - free blastocyst 4-5
4. Blastocyst attaches day 5-6
59
Q

What is the primary site of fertilization?

A

The ampulla

60
Q

Where does implantation usually occur?

A

More in the posterior wall than anterior wall

More in the Superior uterus

61
Q

Ectopic implantation

A

Medical emergency
This happens when a fertilized egg implants in a structure that can’t support its growth. An ectopic pregnancy often happens in the fallopian tube

62
Q

Ectoderm

A 
CNS
PNS
Sensory epithelia of eye, ear, and nose
Epidermis and appendages
Mammary glands
Posterior pituitary
Adrenal medulla
63
Q

Mesoderm

A 
Connective tissue, cartilage, bone
Muscle 
Heart
Blood, lymph vessels, and cells
Kidneys, ovaries, testes, genital ducts
Serous membranes
Spleen
Adrenal cortex
64
Q

Endoderm

A

Gastric and respiratory epithelium
Parenchyma of tonsils, thyroid, parathyroid, liver, thymus, pancreas
Epithelial lining of bladder, most of urethra, tympanic cavity, tympanic antrum, auditory tube
anterior pituitary

65
Q

What does the ligamentum teres connect?

A

The liver to the umbilicus

66
Q

Ligamentum arteriosum

A

Connecting the proximal left pulmonary artery and the undersurface of the junction of the aortic arch and descending aorta, at the aortic isthmus

67
Q

Foramen ovale

A

Dentation in the wall which separates the two atrium

68
Q

Lactation and suckling reflex

A

Both posterior and anterior pituitary plays part in this process.
Posterior will release oxytocin which allows for milk ejection.
Anterior pituitary releases prolactin which induces milk production in the breast

69
Q

Lactation and suckling reflex

A

Both posterior and anterior pituitary plays part in this process.
Suckling will send signals to the hypothalamus.
Posterior will release oxytocin which allows for milk ejection.
Anterior pituitary releases prolactin which induces milk production in the breast

70
Q

Reminder

A

hCG levels increase during the first weeks of pregnancy (12-14 weeks)
Corpus luteum causes progesterone and ovary estrogen to come out
After these are run out, we have the placenta producing oestradiol

71
Q

Nucleotide

A

sugar with a base (nucleoside) and phosphate

72
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribose
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
Two strands in a double helix

73
Q

RNA

A

Adenine, URACIL, Guanine, Cytosine

Single strand

74
Q

What are the purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

AG

75
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

Uracil, thymine, and cytosine

UTC

76
Q

Nucleosides

A

Finish with -ine

77
Q

Nucleotides

A

Finish with -ate

78
Q

What is purine biosynthesis dependent on?

A

100% folic acid-dependent for its methylation step

79
Q

Folic acid is a complete cofactor for

A

50% folic acid-dependent

80
Q

Transcription

A

Formation of mRNA from DNA
mRNA carries instruction from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
RNA polymerase polymerizes nucleotides on the DNA template to form an RNA copy
Promoters signal RNA polymerase when to start

81
Q

Polymerase I

A

makes rRNA

82
Q

Polymerase II

A

makes mRNA

83
Q

Polymerase III

A

makes tRNA

84
Q

mnemonic

A

1, 2, 3

r, m, t

85
Q

Cell division

A

Replication

86
Q

Apoptosis

A

controlled death of cells

87
Q

Mitosis

A

nuclear division

occurs in somatic / body cells

88
Q

Meiosis

A

produces gametes

occurs in reproductive cells

89
Q

What are the divisions of mitosis?

A

Interphase (Go, G1, S, G2), Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

NPLEX I (12 decks)

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