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CMED 311 > WEEK 1: Pathology Part 1 [Doc Erf] > Flashcards

WEEK 1: Pathology Part 1 [Doc Erf] Flashcards

1
Q

immune cells that can eat the microbes that eat the CNS. resident immune cells in CNS

A

microglia

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2
Q

reversible process involving neuronal swelling, cytoplasmic expansion, eccentric position of nucleus

A

Chromatolysis

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3
Q

phagocytosis of neuronal debris by microglial cells

A

neuronophagia

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4
Q

Proliferate locally after injury leading to the formation of scar (gliosis)

A

Astrocytes

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5
Q

aggregates of amorphous, basophilic, rounded structures occurring during aging

A

corpora amylacea

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6
Q

regulate the fluid transfer between the cerebrospinal fluid and CNS

A

ependymal cells

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7
Q

Most common congenital malformation affecting the dorsal lumbosacral region of the vertebral column

A

spina bifida; May be caused by hypervitaminosis A or folic acid deficiency.

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8
Q

dilation of the spinal cord central canal

A

hydromyelia

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9
Q

tubular cavitation extending along the length of spinal cord; may not communicate with central canal

A

syringomyelia

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10
Q

communicating hydrocephalus is caused by: (3)

A

Defective absorption of CSF (most often)
o Venous drainage insufficiency (occasionally
o Overproduction of CSF (rarely)

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11
Q

Normal CSF production is

A

0.20-0.35 ml/min

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12
Q

Capacity of the lateral and third ventricles in a healthy person

A

20 mL

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13
Q

total volume of CSf in an adult

A

120-150 mL

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14
Q

normal flow of CSF?

A

From the choroid plexus to the lateral ventricles to the interventricular foramen of Monro to the third ventricle to the sylvian aqueduct to the fourth ventricle
o Then to the 2 lateral foramina of Luschka and 1 medial foramen of Magendie to the subarachnoid space
o Then to the arachnoid granulations to the dural sinus
o Finally, into the venous drainage.

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15
Q

2 types of cerebral edema

A

vasogenic and cytotoxic

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16
Q

type of cerebral edema originating from fluid leaking from blood vessels due to disruption of blood-brain barrier causing increased vascular permeability and fluid accumulating around cells

A

Vasogenic type

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17
Q

most common cause of vasogenic type of cerebral edema?

A

TBI

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18
Q

type of Cerebral edema that is :fluid accumulating within the brain cells as a result of injury to the membranes;

A

cytotoxic type

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19
Q

most common cause of cytotoxic edema?

A

cerebral ischemia

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20
Q

causes of brain edema (5)

A 
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
• Ischemic strokes
• Intracerebral hemorrhages
• Infections (e.g., meningitis, encephalitis)
• Tumors.
21
Q

causes of increased ICP? (6)

A

Space-occupying lesions, e.g., tumor, abscess, intracranial hemorrhage, epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma
• Hydrocephalus e.g., space-occupying lesion obstructing normal CSF flow
• Cerebral edema e.g., ischemic stroke with vasogenic edema, hypoxic or ischemic encephalopathy
• Increase in venous pressure e.g., cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, superior vena cava or jugular vein thrombosis/obstruction
• Metabolic disorders e.g., uremic encephalopathy, hepatic encephalopathy
• Increased CSF flow production e.g., choroid plexus tumors.

22
Q

Displacement of a portion of brain tissue from its normal position protruding into adjacent compartments or may even push out of the skull if there is an opening present

A

herniation

23
Q

type of brain herniation : displacement of the cingulate gyrus under the falx cerebri due to uneven or one-sided expansion of the cerebral hemisphere

A

subfalcine (cingulate herniation)

24
Q

type of brain herniation? occurs when the inner part (medial aspect) of the temporal lobe is pushed against the free margin of the tentorium cerebelli; can compress the brainstem

A

transtentorial herniation (uncinate)

25
Q

type of brain herniation: occur when there is downward pressure centrally; may cause a bilateral uncal herniation meaning an uncal herniation on both sides.

A

central transterntorial herniation (central herniation)

26
Q

type of brain herniation: displacement of cerebellar tonsils downward through the foramen magnum

A

tonsillar herniation

27
Q

causes of spina bifida?

A 
unknown; but
May be associated with:
•
Medications (e.g., anticonvulsants)
•
Diabetes mellitus
•
Genetics (family history)
•
Obesity
•
Increased temperature (e.g., fever, hot tubs,
electric blankets)
28
Q

4 complications of spina bifida?

A

> meningitis d/t infections
hydrocephalus d/t increased cranial pressure
Physical and neurological problems (lack of normal bowel and bladder control, paralysis of the legs.
latex allergy

29
Q

site of formation of CSF?

A

choroid plexus at the lateral ventricle

30
Q

mechanism of formation of CSF? (2)

A

selective ultrafiltration of plasma;

active secretion by epithelial membranes

31
Q

2 causes of non communicating hydrocephalus?

A

Narrowing of sylvian duct;

obstructing mass`

32
Q

2 causes of communicating hydroceph:

A

increased production; decreased absorption

33
Q

acquired causes of hydrocephalus? (5)

A 
tumor
meningitis
infection
hemorrhage
TBI
34
Q

Most common cause of vasogenic cerebral edema?

A

brain trauma

35
Q

T/F? in cytotoxic edema of the brain, blood brain barrier is intact

A

T

36
Q

most common cause of cytotoxic cerebral edema?

A

ischemia

37
Q

T/F both forms of cerebral edema cannot co exist

A

F. they can

38
Q

Pressure exerted on to the brain tissue by external forces

A

ICP

39
Q

normal ICP in adults?

A

10-15 mmHg; 135-200 mm of water

40
Q

Normal ICP in children?

A

3-7 mmHg

41
Q

Normal ICP in infants?

A

1.5-6 mmHg

42
Q

What is monro-kellie hypopthesis?

A

an increase in any one of the components causes a change in the volume of the other.

43
Q

Initial adaptation of the brain to keep the ICP in normal range.

A

decreased CSF production

44
Q

causes of inc ICP? (4)

A

cerebral edema, head injury, stroke/intracerebral hemorrhage, tumor

45
Q

2 major complications of uncontrolled increased ICP?

A

inadequate cerebral perfusion;

Cerebral herniation

46
Q

most common type of herniation?

A

subfalcine herniation - the cingulate gyrus of the frontal lobe

47
Q

what typer of herniation displaces the basal nuclei and cerebral hemispheres downward

A

central transtentorial herniation

48
Q

what is diplaced in uncal herniation?

A

medial edge of the uncus and the hippocampal gyrus

49
Q

what is displaced in cerebellar herniation?

A

infratentorial herniation - tonsil of the cerebellum is pushed thru the foramen magnum and compresses the medulla, leading to bradycardia and respiratory arrest

CMED 311 (47 decks)

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