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CMED 311 > Trans 048-049 Psychiatry > Flashcards

Trans 048-049 Psychiatry Flashcards

1
Q

Provide structure and functional support to ne

A

Glial cell

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2
Q

What are the macroglias?

A

• Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, astrocytes,
ependymal cells
• Variety of supportive function

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3
Q

relay station for all sensory information (except smell)

from the PNS to the cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

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4
Q

major regulator of internal body functions, such as eating,
drinking, maternal behaviour, and sleep cycles;
• also plays a role in motivation through initiating and
maintaining behaviours a person finds rewarding

A

Hypothalamus

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5
Q

• Located between the spinal cord
and the cerebrum,
• involved in involuntary functions, such as control of blood
pressure and breathing, as well as arousal
• composed of the midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

A

brainstem

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6
Q

• known as the ‘seat of intelligence’
• divided into two hemispheres and is made up of three basic
regions

A

cerebrum

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7
Q

• main functional unit of the cerebrum, a layer of grey matter
(neuronal cell bodies and dendrites) 2–4 mm thick on the
outer surface of the brain that is essential for conscious
behaviour

A

cerebral cortex

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8
Q

consists of glial cells and bundles of myelinated axons that
relay messages between the cerebral cortex and other parts
of the CNS

A

White matter

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9
Q

Deep below the cerebral cortex are interconnected nuclei,

A

Basal ganglia

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10
Q

• a highly folded structure located at the posterior of the brain
• important in maintaining posture and for coordinating head
and eye movements
• also involved in fine tuning of muscle movements and in
learning motor skills

A

Cerebellum

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11
Q

what lobe? has a diverse range of behavioural functions, including
movement, speech, cognition, and emotion

A

Frontal

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12
Q

what lobe? • controls a range of sensory functions, and is important in memory and emotion

A

Temporal

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13
Q

2 types of neurotransmission?

A

Electrical and Chemical

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14
Q

Neurones do not physically touch one another; two neurones are separated by a gap, known as a

A

Synaptic cleft

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15
Q

The neurotransmitters are cleared from the synaptic cleft by:

A

a) . Reuptake into the presynaptic neurone
b) . Removal by astrocytes
c) . Diffusion away from the synapse
d) . Breakdown by enzymes

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16
Q

neurotransmitters can bind with other neighbouring synapses. that is called

A

volumetric transmission

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17
Q

first antipsychotic that was developed in 1950

A

chlorpromazine

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18
Q

is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS

A

glutamate

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19
Q

how is glutamate removed from the synapse

A

removed from the synapse by transporters on specialised neurones, metabolised to glutamine, then resupplied to the relevant neurone terminals

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20
Q

monoamines examples?

A

dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine

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21
Q

usually are switches that turn on and off certain neurons that hold monoamines

A

Glutamate and GABA

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22
Q

Most inhibitory neurones in the brain use what NT?

A

GABA and glycine

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23
Q

The predominant precursor for GABA is

A

glutamate

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24
Q

how is GABA removed from the synapse?

A

GABA is removed from the synapse by specific transporters, and the retrieved GABA is metabolised

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25
Q

There are three types of GABA receptor, which although varied can typically be separated as follows:

GABA A
GABA B
GABA C

A

ionotropic chloride channel
metabotropic G protein coupled receptor
ionotropic chloride channel

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26
Q

Glycine is foud in the?

A

Spinal cord

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27
Q

a neurotransmitter that is found throughout the body. High concentrations are found in the CNS, platelets, and certain cells in the gastrointestinal tract

A

Serotonin

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28
Q

Body functions modulated by serotonin include:

A 
o mood
o sleep
o cognition
o sensory perception
o pain perception
o movement
o regulation of internal temperature
o appetite
o sexual behaviour
o hormone secretion
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29
Q

Within the forebrain, serotonin is thought to regulate?

A

Within the forebrain, serotonin is thought to regulate sleep and wakefulness

30
Q

Serotonergic projections to the spinal cord may regulate what?

A

regulate pain

31
Q

The nucleus of Serotonin is from the

A

Raphe nuclei which is in the midbrain and the pons

32
Q

is a neurotransmitter of neurones in the locus coeruleus

A

norepinephirne

33
Q

principal fx of what structure is this:

to prioritise competing incoming stimuli, whether external (e.g., a threat from the environment) or internal (e.g., pain), and to focus attention

A

Locus Coeruleus

34
Q

norepinephrine acts on what receptors?

A

adrenergic receptors: alpha and beta

35
Q

Noradrenaline and the locus coeruleus are thought to have important input into the control the CNS exerts over

A

Noradrenaline and the locus coeruleus are thought to have important input into the control the CNS exerts over mood, cognition, stress, arousal, pain, and other functions.

36
Q

Dito nanggagaling yung projections ng norepinephrine

A

locus coeruleus

37
Q

precursor molecule of dopamine?

A

DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine)

Dopamine is produced from the precursor molecule DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine) by DOPA decarboxylase

38
Q

how is dopamine removed in the synapses?

A

Dopamine is removed from the synapse by specialised dopamine transporters, and is catabolised by monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

39
Q

Dopamine normally inhibits/stimulates the release of prolactin

A

inihibits

40
Q

what dopamine receptors subtypes increase the levels of cAMP?

A

Dopamine receptor subtypes D1 and D5 increase the levels of cyclic AMP

41
Q

what dopamine receptors subtypes decrease the levels of cyclic AMP.

A

whereas D2, D3, and D4 subtypes decrease the levels of cyclic AMP.

42
Q

a disturbance in thought leading to false beliefs.

A

delusion

43
Q

a false sensory perception, such as hearing voices or seeing things that are not there.

A

hallucination

44
Q

a hormone, produced and released into the bloodstream by the pituitary gland, that is involved in the secretion of milk and breast growth; unusually high amounts are responsible for impotence and loss of libido in both men and women.

A

prolactin

45
Q

divides the brain into the right and left

side.

A

longitudinal fissure

46
Q

separates the cerebrum from the

cerebellum.

A

transverse fissure

47
Q

Site of Frontal Lobotomies

A

orbitofrontal cortex

48
Q

desired effects and positive side effects of Frontal lobotomy

A

▪ Desired Effects: Diminished rage, decreased
aggression, poor emotional responses
▪ Positive Side effects: Epilepsy, poor emotional
responses, preservation (uncontrolled, repetitive
actions, gestures, or words)

49
Q

Site involved with processing of tactile and proprioceptive information

A

Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Postcentral Gyrus)-

50
Q

Assists with the integration and interpretation of sensations relative to body position and orientation in space. May assist with visuo-motor coordination

A

Somatosensory Association Cortex

51
Q

Primary site involved with the interpretation of the sensation of taste.

A

Primary Gustatory Cortex

52
Q

Language comprehension is inhibited. Words and sentences are not clearly understood, and sentence formation may be inhibited or non-sensica

A

Wernicke’s Aphasia

53
Q

A white matter tract the connects Broca’s area and Wernicke’s are through the temporal, parietal; and frontel lobes. Allows for coordicated, comprehensive speech.

A

Arcuate Fasiculus

54
Q

damage in arcuate fasciculus will lead to?

A

Conduction Aphasia- Where auditory comprehension and speech articulation are preserved, but people find it difficult to repeat heard speech

55
Q

Group of nuclei located medial to the basal ganglia that serves as the major synaptic relay station for the information reaching the cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

56
Q

The thalamic nuclei can be divided into six groups:

A

The thalamic nuclei can be divided into six groups: anterior, medial, lateral, reticular, intralaminar, and midline nuclei

57
Q

basal ganglia compoinents

A

Include the caudate nucleus, the putamen, the globus pallidus (referred to as the paleostriatum or pallidum), the subthalamic nucleus, and the substantia nig

58
Q

(referred to as the paleostriatum or pallidum

A

CPG

caudate nucleus, the putamen, the globus pallidus

59
Q

Caudate nucleus + the putamen together

A

Striatum

60
Q

caudate nucleus + putamen + globus pallidus

A

corpus striatum

61
Q

putamen + globus pallidus

A

lentiform nucleus

62
Q

fxn of limbic system?

A

▪ Integration of olfactory, visceral, somatic impulses
▪ Control of activities necessary for survival of animal
▪ Control of activities necessary survival of species
▪ Emotional behaviour
▪ Retention of recent memory

63
Q

composed of two general regions, the cingulate gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus

A

limbic cortex

64
Q

constitute the hippocampal formation: (3)

A

the dentate gyrus, the hippocampus, and the subicular complex- constitute the hippocampal formation,

65
Q

functions of the hippocampus

A

retention of short memory-long term declarative memory

66
Q

o Almon-shaped
o Involved in central regulation of ANS connection to hypothalamus
o Control survival fight – or – flight responses of ANS
o Emotional and visceral responses

A

amygdala

67
Q

primitive brain center is about the size of a pea and lies at the base of the brain
o It is a complex structure and is responsible for regulating a host of biologic functions, including the following: circadian rhythm, sleep cycles, body temperature, appetite, sex drive, and the autonomic nervous system

A

hypothalamus

68
Q

The most consistent abnormality observed in the depressive disorders is

A

The most consistent abnormality observed in the depressive disorders is increased frequency of abnormal hypersensitivities in subcortical regions such as periventricular regions, the basal ganglia, and the thalam

69
Q

what disorder?

  • Reduced hippocampal or caudate nucleus volumes
  • Increase in blood flow and neural activity in the thalamus and medial PFC
  • Decreased anterior brain metabolism, which is generally more pronounced on the left side
  • Global reduction of anterior cerebral metabolism, increased glucose metabolism has been observed in several limbic regions, particularly among patients with relatively severe recurrent depression and a family history of mood disorder
A

mood disorder

70
Q

what disorder?

• Increased activity in the septohippocampal pathway, which may lead to anxiety and the cingulate gyrus, which has been implicated particularly in the pathophysiology of OCD
o Altered function of neurocircuit
o Increased blood flow and metabolism in frontal lobe
o Compulsive hoarding:
o Damage to right medial prefrontal cortex cause Hoarding

A

anxiety disorders

71
Q

disposophobia

A

compulsive hoarding or pathological hoarding or disposophobia is the excessive acquisition of possessions, even if the items are worthless, hazardous or unsanitary

72
Q

Delayed development of frontal cortex, temporal lobe and fast maturity of motor cortex is seen

General reduction of brain volume, but proportionally great reduction of left prefrontal cortex

PET show low perfusion and metabolism of frontal area

what disorder?

A

ADHD

CMED 311 (47 decks)

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