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Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases > Chapter 1, 2, and 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 1, 2, and 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a natural nonspecific immune response?

A

External barriers and inflammation

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2
Q

What are all of the external barriers?

A

Skin, mucus, bodily fluid secretion, friendly bacteria

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3
Q

Skin

A
  • Barrier against most pathogens
  • Prevents bacteria from surviving due to lactic acid & fatty acids in sweat and low pH generated by sebaceous secretion’s
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4
Q

Mucus

A
  • keeps bacteria from attaching to surface of the body

- Cilia (hair-like projections that move stuff from around) remove trapped foreign particles

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5
Q

Bodily fluid secretion

A

Tears, cerumen (earwax), urine removes bacteria and foreign particles for the body (high pH removes/kill bacteria in the vagina/urethra)

Tears gastric juice, semen, nasal secretion and saliva contain bactericidal components that destroy pathogens

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6
Q

Friendly bacteria

A

Bacteria in vaginal produce lactic acid and metabolic glycogen secreted by b=vaginal epithelium. Friendly bacteria are killed antibiotic use glycogen increases and allows yeast to grow, producing vaginal candidiasis (yeast infection)

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7
Q

Cause of inflammation is..,.

A

injury, infection, hypersensitivity

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8
Q

Steps of inflammation

A
  1. Injury /infection/ hypersensitivity
  2. constriction of blood vessels
  3. dilation of blood vessels
    permeability increases (allows WBC to leave)
  4. Leukocytes (WBC) leaves blood vessel to fight off bacteria
  5. phagocytosis
  6. WBC travel toward the site of injury through chemotaxis
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9
Q

diapedesis

A

leukocytes leave blood vessel to go fight of bacteria that have been exposed due to trauma

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10
Q

Process of Chemotaxis

A

Trauma skin realses histamine which attracts WBS

Like everyone gathering to the kitchen during Thanksgiving dinner

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11
Q

Mediators

A

lure leukocytes to the inflammation site

Ex. histamine, others

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12
Q

Chain of Infection

A

Pathogen, Reservoir, Portal of exit, Mode of Transmittion, Portal of entry, new host

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13
Q

Pathogen

A

disease causing agent normally lives and grows (ex. virus, bacteria, rickettsia, protozoa, etc.)

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14
Q

Reservoir

A

habitat in which an infectous agent normally lives and grows
Ex. humans, animal, environmental (plants soil, water)

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15
Q

Portal of exit

A

path by which an agent leaves the source host

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16
Q

Modes of Transmittion

A

how pathogens are passed

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17
Q

Direct transmittion

A

direct contact, droplet spread, skin/mucous membrane, kissing sexual intercourse
Did these two people touch? Have to be yes

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18
Q

indirect transmittion

A

airborne, vehicle born, vector borne (mechanical/biological)
Touching or ingesting any contaminated object or food.
no one touched by anyone

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19
Q

Portal of entry

A

agent enters susceptible host through (respiratory, oral, skin, intravenous, gastrointestinal)

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20
Q

New host

A

final link is a susceptible host

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21
Q

Infection

A

invasion and multiplication of pathogenic or disease-producing microorganisms

22
Q

Fungi

A

present in soil air water. Thrive in warm dark moist environement

23
Q

Rickettsia

A

Bacteria-like organisms transmitted through bites of fleas, lice, ticks mosquitoes, and mites

24
Q

Parasites

A

Protozoa and Metazoa

25
Q

Protozoa

A

Microscopic single celled parasitic animals

release toxins/enzymes that destroy cells or interfere with function

26
Q

Metazoa

A

Multi-cellular parasitic animals (worms)
Tapeworm, roundworms, flukes
Lodge in various body parts - compete for the body’s food

27
Q

Viruses

A

Smallest disease causing agents seen with e microscope
Borrow cell’s machinery to reproduce and burst out of cell or may stay in cell to synthesize new viruses w/out disturbing the cell
May coexist indefinitely in human peacefully
Outside factors may active virus leading to presence of actual disease

28
Q

Humoral immunity

A

B lymphocytes (b-cells) produce antibodies that protect against parasites such as bacteria and viruses

29
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

T-cells produce lymphokines which protect against bacteria viruses and tumors

30
Q

Active natural immunity

A

exposure, body produces antibodies

31
Q

active artificial immunity

A

vaccination, triggers the immune system

32
Q

passive natural immunity

A

mother to baby (placenta and breast milk)

33
Q

Passive artificial immunity

A

inoculation with antibodies (donation of plasma, fecal matter transplant)

34
Q

Allergy

A

immune system can become overactive or misdirected

35
Q

Hypersensitivity

A
  1. Immune identifies harmless subs as potentially harmful
  2. Intro into body by different routes
  3. Sx range from a mild rash to life threating antiphallic shock
  4. Most allergy attacks acute and not recurrent
  5. Most common is allergic
36
Q

Urticaria

A

Rounds, transient, elevations of the skin (wheals) surrounded by redness

37
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

potentially life threatening reaction to an antigen

38
Q

Pruritus

A

severe itching

39
Q

erythema

A

redness of the skin

40
Q

edema

A

soft tissue swelling

41
Q

stridor

A

high pitched sound during respiration

42
Q

dyspnea

A

labored or difficult breathing

43
Q

Autoimmunity

A

inappropriate immune response
excessive T cell and B cell attacks
Ex. Lupus, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Hashimoto

44
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

B cell or T cell deficiency
AIDS
Hodgkin lymphoma

45
Q

Conventional Medicine

A

Came about with Pasteur and Germ Theory
Find the problem and fix the problem
MD, PA, RN

46
Q

Integrative Medicine

A

theory that there is a balance and harmony between the body, mind, and spirit
illness linked an imbalanced of these factors
Treat entire person

47
Q

Acute pain

A

sudden onset of pain, may last hours, days weeks or months normal expected time of duration

48
Q

Chronic pain

A

pain that continues beyond normal expected time for resolution, pain that lasts longer than normal time frame
Chronic pain depends on condition

49
Q

P-place

A

point of the pain

50
Q

A amount

A

quantify the pain on a scale of 1-10

51
Q

I interactions

A

what worsens the pain

52
Q

N neutralizers

A

What lessens the pain

Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases (4 decks)

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