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Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Description of Lyme Disease?

A

Most cases (not all) are found in Northeast

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2
Q

What is the Etiology of Lyme Disease?

A

Carried from the host (white tailed deer, mice, raccoons, dogs, horses, etc) to humans by blacklegged ticks. Injected saliva or fecal material on skin

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3
Q

What is the Signs and Symptoms at Stage 1 of Lyme Disease?

A

Erythema chronicum migrans (ECM), but not seen in all cases. Sx include flu-like illness: fever fatigue headaches chills stiff neck muscle pain

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4
Q

What are the Signs and Sx of Stage 2 of Lyme Disease?

A

Affect the central nervous system: meningitis, nerve damage, facial palsy, etc

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5
Q

What are the signs and Sx of Stage 3 of Lyme Disease?

A

Arthritis and neurological problems. Irreversible damage

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6
Q

What are the diagnostic procedures for Lyme Disease?

A

Identification of ECM, exposure to ticks, blood tests (may take 6 weeks for antibodies to show). ELISA test detects antibodies to B. burgdorferi

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7
Q

Treatment for Lyme Disease

A

Antibiotics (Doxycycline, Amoxicillin) reduce stress ample rest

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8
Q

prognosis for Lyme disease

A

intermittent recurrence of headache, muscle pain lethargy fatigue

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9
Q

Prevention of Lyme disease

A

cover the body to prevent tick bite insect repellent, light colored clothing, tuck pants into socks, frequent inspection

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10
Q

West Nile Virus description

A

infectous disease that occurs through mosquito bite. Virus crosses blood-brain barrier causing inflammation of the brain

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11
Q

west nile virus etiology

A

bite of infected mosquito, birds are the reservoir

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12
Q

West Nile Virus signs/sx

A

range mild to severe, 80% show no symptoms

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13
Q

West nile virus mild Sx

A

fever headache body ache skin rash swollen lymph nodes

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14
Q

west nile virus severe Sx

A

mild sx with stupor disorientation, tremors convulsion coma and paralysis

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15
Q

west nile virus diagnostic procedures

A

clinical findings, blood test for antibodies (ELISA). detectable within days

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16
Q

West Nile virus treatment

A

no known cure, encourage fluids, alleviate Sx, reassurance, analgesics

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17
Q

West Nile virus prognosis

A

mild Sx last only a few days, severe sx may be permenant

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18
Q

West Nile virus Prevention

A

Insect repellent (DEET) long-sleeve clothing, pants reduce mosquito populations barriers (screens, nets windows)

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19
Q

Malaria description

A

great masquerader (presents to be many things) More world cases than US cases

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20
Q

Malaria etiology

A

infected mosquitos to humans, Protozoan infection, eventually causes destruction of RBC

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21
Q

Malaria Signs and Sx

A

Flu like

fever shaking chills headache muscle aches malaise. Nausea vomiting, diarrhea anemia jaundice

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22
Q

Malaria Diagnosis

A

Presence of protozoa parasites in the RBC on microscopic examination. Rapid blood test detect antigens

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23
Q

Malaria Treatment

A

Anti-malaria prescription medication depending on the strain of malaria
chloroquine
quinine

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24
Q

Malaria Prognosis

A

if treated promptly and correctly, prognosis is good. Potential death is diagnosis or treatment is delayed

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25
Q

Malaria Prevention

A

Avoidance of mosquitos. Pre-travel medication. Education

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26
Q

Anthrax Description

A

Acute infection of domestic animals

Three forms: Cutaneous (skin), Inhalation, Intestinal

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27
Q

Anthrax Etiology

A

Contact with animals dying of anthrax
Animal products: bone meal, animal hides
2001 Anthrax distributed to members of the U.S. Senate.
Undercooked, contaminated meat

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28
Q

Anthrax Symptoms Cutaneous

A

Raised, itchy papule at site of entry
Red papule quickly becomes a vesicle then an ulcer
Will eventually lead to septicemia, shock, death

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29
Q

Anthrax Sx Intestinal

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. Abdominal distress, fever, septicemia

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30
Q

Anthrax Sx Inhalation

A

Cold-like symptoms. Respiratory distress after 3-5 days, fever, death
All will eventually cause blood poisoning & shock

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31
Q

Anthrax Diagnostic Procedures

A

Laboratory diagnosis made by isolation of bacteria (Blood, skin lesion, respiratory secretions)

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32
Q

Anthrax Treatment

A

Penicillin/doxycycline

Broad spectrum antibiotics

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33
Q

Anthrax Prognosis

A

Without treatment 20% mortality, as high as 75% even with treatment

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34
Q

Anthrax Prevention

A

Vaccine
Education
Protective clothing
Sterilization of animal products whenever possible.

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35
Q

Plague description

A

Bubonic-bite of infected flea

Pneumonic-close contact with infected individual, respiratory secretions.

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36
Q

Plague Etiology

A

Yersinia pestis

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37
Q

Plague Signs and Sx

A 
Fever, weakness, shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, pneumonia.
Bloody, frothy sputum
Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
Bubonic plague
Buboes
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38
Q

Plague Diagnostic Procedures

A

Blood or sputum test can confirm diagnosis

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39
Q

Plague Treatment

A

Antibiotics within 24 hours of first symptoms. Symptomatic treatment

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40
Q

Plague Prognosis

A

Without treatment pneumonic plague leads to respiratory failure, shock, death.

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41
Q

Plague Prevnetion/Control

A

Avoid contact with sick individuals.

Immediate treatment of infected to reduce transmission

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42
Q

E. Coli Description

A

Most are harmless and live in the intestinal tract. 0157:H7 produces a dangerous toxin causing serious illness. 70,000 cases each year. Eating undercooked, contaminated ground beef, contaminated lettuce, unpasteurized milk and fruit juice

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43
Q

E. coli Etiology

A

In the intestines of healthy cattle
Contamination during slaughter, present on udders
Fecal-oral route

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44
Q

E. coli Signs and Sx

A

Severe bloody diarrhea, Abdominal cramps, Resolves in 5-10 days
Complications
Children and elderly: Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

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45
Q

E. coli diagnostic procedures

A

Stool specimen tested for E. coli in all patients with bloody diarrhea

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46
Q

E. coli treatment

A

Recover 5-10 days
Supportive therapy
Rest, fluid replacement,
balanced diet. BRAT diet

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47
Q

E. coli prognosis

A

Without HUS, very good, with HUS, guarded

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48
Q

E. coli prevention

A

Cook all ground beef thoroughly (160 degrees). Pasteurized milk and juice. Prevent cross-contamination. Thorough washing of vegetables

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49
Q

Botulism description

A

Paralytic disease of the muscles
Food-borne 15%, Wound botulism 29%, Infant botulism 55%
Previously used as a warfare agent

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50
Q

Botulism Etiology

A

Clostridium botulinum

Forms spores that remain dormant until exposed to conditions supporting growth.

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51
Q

Botulism Signs and Sx

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea may occur with 3-6 hours.
Dizziness, difficulty in swallowing, slurred speech, double vision, drooping eyelids, muscle weakness within 12-36 hours
Descending paralysis; death from respiratory paralysis

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52
Q

Botulism Treatment

A

Botulinum antitoxin
Respiratory assistance respiratory.
Surgical removal of the toxin-producing bacteria
Antibiotics

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53
Q

Botulism Prognosis

A

Months of recuperation may be necessary

Symptoms (fatigue and shortness of breath) may continue for years.

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54
Q

Botulism Prevention

A 
Most common foods
Asparagus, green beans, beets, corn
Properly canned foods and strict hygienic measures
High temperatures
No honey for infants under one year-old
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55
Q

Infectous Diarrheal Disease Description

A

Affects children 5 years and younger

highly contagious, commonly occurring in day care centers

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56
Q

Infectous Diarrheal Disease Etiology

A

Oral fecal route
Incubation 48 hours
bacterial, viral, parasitic infections

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57
Q

Infectous Diarrheal Disease Signs/Sx

A

Diarrhea w/ or w/out blood

accompanied by nausea, vomitting, abdominal cramps, low grade fever, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance

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58
Q

Infectous Diarrheal Disease Diagnostic Procedures

A

history
physical exam
stool sample

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59
Q

Infectous Diarrheal Disease treatment

A

Must rehydrate
medication according to cause of Sx
Antibiotics in special cases, may prolong disease in some cases

60
Q

Infectous Diarrheal Disease Prognosis

A

Good is detected early and given prompt treatment
Must rehydrate
careful monitoring

61
Q

Infectous Diarrheal Disease Prevention

A 
Good hygiene 
Hand washing 
careful disposal of feces
clean water 
avoid stagnant water
62
Q

Common Cold Description

A

Acute infection that causes inflammation of the upper respiratory tract.
effects young children leading causes of school absents. Most common in fall and winter months

63
Q

Common cold etiology

A

Hundreds of different viruses can cause a cold. Airborne transmission, hand-to-hand contact and indirect contact with phones, keyboards, desks, etc

64
Q

Common cold Signs/Sx

A

Gradual onset of nasal congestion, pharyngitis, headache, malaise, water eyes, low-grade fever. Productive or nonproductive cough. Symptoms last 2-4 days. Contagious 2-3 day after onset

65
Q

Common cold diagnostic procedures

A

Clinical diagnosis, no need for lab work unless ruling out other illness

66
Q

Common cold treatment

A

rehydrate
Medication according to the cause of the symptoms.
Antibiotics in special cases, may prolong disease in some cases.

67
Q

Common cold prognosis

A

Good if early detection and prompt treatment. Must rehydrate. Careful monitoring

68
Q

Common cold prevention

A

Good hygiene. Hand washing, careful disposal of feces, clean water, avoid stagnant water

69
Q

Influenza Description

A

Acute, contagious respiratory disease. Winter and spring months, children and elderly most susceptible

70
Q

Influenza Etiology

A

Many influenza viruses, frequently mutating,. Transmission through indirect or direct contact (cough, sneeze, hand-to-hand contact)

71
Q

Influenza Signs/Sx

A

Abrupt onset of fever, chills, malaise, muscle aches (myalgia), headache, nasal congestion, laryngitis, cough.

72
Q

Influenza Procedures

A

Throat or nasal culture

73
Q

Influenza Treatment

A

Best rest, fluids, analgesics, antipyretics. Some antiviral medication

74
Q

Influenza Prognosis

A

Good with proper care and immune function

75
Q

Influenza prevention

A

Hygiene, hand washing.

Vaccine

76
Q

Another name for MRSA

A

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

77
Q

MRSA description

A

Staphylococci infection of the skin. MRSA is resistant to antimicrobial drugs
25-30% of individuals have Staphylococci in nose.

78
Q

MRSA Signs/Sx

A

Painful, red, swollen, and warm lesion on the skin. Lesions my drain puss or discharge. Infection can spread to the lung (pneumonia), or the bloodstream. Traditional antibiotics will have little effect.

79
Q

MRSA Diagnostic procedures

A

culture and sensitivity

80
Q

MRSA treatment

A

Drain the infection. Find the right antibiotic (according to culture and sensitivity. IV antibiotics (often times vancomycin)

81
Q

MRSA prognosis

A

May be life-threatening, however good with prompt and appropriate treatment.

82
Q

MRSA Prevention

A

Hand washing

hygiene

83
Q

HIV/AIDS description

A

AIDS is a severe illness associated with HIV infection.
Associated with sexual contact but can also be transmitted via blood, blood products, shared needles, birth process, breast milk.

84
Q

HIV/AIDS Etiology

A

First diagnosed in 1981.

Primarily infects T4 lymphocytes (cells critical to immune system)

85
Q

HIV/AIDS Signs/Sx

A

May (not always) show flu-like or mono-like illness.
Later sx swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, fever, fatigue, neurological symptoms, several forms of malignancy and chronic illnesses.

86
Q

HIV/AIDS Diagnostic Procedure

A

Four rapid HIV tests approved by the FDA.

87
Q

HIV/AIDS Treatment

A

No cure

Antiretroviral drugs, protease inhibitors, and other antiviral medications.

88
Q

HIV/AIDS Prognosis

A

Recurrent bouts of opportunistic infections. Current therapy has greatly increased the years of life.

89
Q

HIV/AIDS Prevention

A

No vaccine, although aggressive research working toward this goal.
Education, safe sexual practices, eliminating needle sharing.

90
Q

Another name for Rubeola

A

Measles

91
Q

Rubeola Description

A

Highly communicable respiratory infections. Most common among school-age children.

92
Q

Rubeola Etiology

A

Direct contact with infectious droplets.

93
Q

Rubeola Signs/Sx

A

Rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal passages), cough, drowsiness, anorexia, fever.
Small reds spots with bluish white centers (Koplik spots). Photophobia, rash on the face.

94
Q

Rubeola Diagnostic Procedures

A

Physical exam. Lab work suggests leukopenia (low white blood cell count).

95
Q

Rubeola Treatment

A

Symptomatic: bed rest, dark room, antipyretics, liquids.

96
Q

Rubeola Prognosis

A

Good, runs course in approx 5 days. Look for complications.

97
Q

Rubeola Prevention

A

Immunization at 12-15 months

98
Q

Mumps description

A

Acute contagious disease of the parotid salivary glands

99
Q

Mumps etiology

A

Paramyxovirus. Airborne droplets of saliva

100
Q

Mumps signs/Sx

A

Unilateral or bilateral swollen parotid glands.

Headache, malaise, fever, earache.

101
Q

Mumps diagnostic procedures

A

Physical exam. Nasopharyngeal culture

102
Q

Mumps treatment

A

Analgesics, antipyretics, liquids

103
Q

Mumps Prognosis

A

Good. Complications may include orchitis

104
Q

Mumps prevention

A

Immunization at 12-15 months

105
Q

Another name for varicella

A

chickenpox

106
Q

varicella description

A

Highly contagious viral illness.

107
Q

Varicella etiology

A

Varicella-zoster virus. Spread via respiratory secretion and direct contact

108
Q

varicella signs/Sx

A

Pruritic rash, red spots Red bumps -> Clear vesicles » Umbilicated vesicles.
Anorexia, malaise, fever.

109
Q

varicella diagnostic procedures

A

History and physical exam

110
Q

varicella treatment

A

Isolation, antihistamine lotions, calamine, cool bicarbonate soda bath, oatmeal baths,

111
Q

Varicella prognosis

A

Good. Look for secondary infection. Now at risk for shingles (herpes zoster)

112
Q

Varicella prevention

A

vaccination

113
Q

Another name for Erythema infectiosum

A

Fifth disease

114
Q

erythema infectiosum description

A

Infection predominantly in children with flulike symptoms and diffuse redness of the skin (erythema)

115
Q

erythema infectiosum etiology

A

Human parvovirus B19
Respiratory secretions or direct contact.
LDS nurseries (just kidding, kind of)

116
Q

erythema infectiosum signs/sx

A

Fever, red facial rash (slapped cheek). Lacy rash on the trunk /limbs, rash can reoccur for week with exposure to sun, heat, stress, exercise

117
Q

erythema infectiosum diagnostic procedures

A

throat swab

118
Q

erythema infectiosum treatment

A

Symptomatic, control fever.

119
Q

erythema infectiosum prognosis

A

Good, look for complications

120
Q

erythema infectiosum prevention

A

Good hygiene. No route vaccine.

121
Q

another name for pertussis

A

whooping cough

122
Q

pertussis description

A

Acute, highly contagious respiratory tract disease. Most common, and dangerous, in children.

123
Q

pertussis etiology

A

Bacterial illness transmitted through direct contact with respiratory discharge.

124
Q

pertussis sign/sx stage 1 name

A

catarrhal stage

125
Q

catarrhal stage of pertussis

A

gradual onset of cold-like sx, mild fever, running nose, dry cough, irritability and anorexia
1-2 weeks

126
Q

pertussis sign/sx stage 2 name

A

paroxysmal stage

127
Q

paroxysmal stage of pertussis

A

onset of the class cough consisting of a series of several short, sever, coughs in rapid succession followed by a slow, strained inspiration (whoop or stridor). May see weight loss, dehydration, vomiting, epistaxis, hypoxia. 3-4 weeks

128
Q

pertussis sign/sx stage 3 name

A

decline stage

129
Q

decline stage of pertussis

A

marked improvement of cough / other symptoms.

130
Q

Diphtheria description

A

Acute, life-threatening infectious disease.

131
Q

Diphtheria etiology

A

Intimate contact with discharges from the nose, throat, eye, and skin lesions

132
Q

Diphtheria Signs/Sx

A

Headache, malaise, mild fever. Foul odor to the breath, bluish skin color, blood water nasal drainage, pseudomembrane coating respiratory tract that may block airways.

133
Q

Diphtheria diagnostic procedures

A

Physical exam, nose and throat cultures

134
Q

Diphtheria treatment

A

Diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotic therapy.

135
Q

Diphtheria Prognosis

A

Varies. Milder to life threatening

136
Q

Diphtheria Prevention

A

Inoculation with diphtheria toxoid at 3 months. DPT vaccine (Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus)

137
Q

Another name for tetanus

A

Lockjaw

138
Q

Tetanus description

A

Acute, life-threatening disease. Children are at greatest risk. Not communicable

139
Q

Tetanus Etiology

A

Bacteria commonly found in soil. Pathogenic spores most commonly enter through a puncture.

140
Q

Tetanus early Signs/Sx

A

Stiffness of the jaw, esophageal muscles, and some neck muscles.

141
Q

Tetanus late signs/Sx

A

jaw becomes rigidly fixed (lockjaw) altered voice, contracted facial muscles,. Muscles in the back and extremities become rigid, seer convulsive spasms, high fever, sweating, tachycardia, dysphagia, intense pain.

142
Q

Tetanus diagnostic procedures

A

History, physical exam, identification of classic symptoms.

143
Q

Tetanus treatment

A

Clean site of wound, antibiotics administered, Human tetanus immune globulin (TIG).

144
Q

tetanus prognosis

A

Disease runs its course in 6-7 weeks. Prognosis varies from mild illness to death.

145
Q

tetanus prevention

A

Immunization at 3 months. Periodic boosters.

Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases (4 decks)

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