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Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases > Skin Diseases > Flashcards

Skin Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Psoriasis Description

A

A chronic, noninfectious inflammatory skin disease marked by the appearance of discrete pink of red lesions surmounted by a characteristic silvery scaling

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2
Q

Psoriasis Etiology

A

Occurs more frequently between 15 and 50. Cause is unknown, however it appears to be autoimmune disorder. Hereditary component. Flares may be proceeded by trauma, infections, hormone changes, pregnancy, stress, etc.
2 peaks of onset: 20-30 (75%), 50-60 (25%)
Signs/ Symptoms
5 types. The only type we will discuss is plaque psoriasis (inflamed raised red lesions covered in white scaly patches). Found typically on extensor surfaces: elbows, knees, scalp and back
Thick, flaky, silvery scaling; affected areas appear dry, cracked and encrusted

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3
Q

Psoriasis Signs/ Symptoms

A 
5 types. 
 plaque psoriasis (inflamed raised red lesions covered in white scaly patches). Found typically on extensor surfaces: elbows, knees, scalp and back
Thick, flaky, silvery scaling; affected areas appear dry, cracked and encrusted
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4
Q

Psoriasis Diagnostic Procedures

A

Observation of the skin, careful medical history, skin biopsy.
Treatment
Mild to moderate: Topical corticosteroids, emollients, exposure to UV light (phototherapy); non-steroidal creams; Careful skin hygiene
Moderate to Severe: Phototherapy, Retinoids (regulate epithelial cell growth), methotrexate
Complementary Therapy
Foods high in omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin supplements
Prognosis
Controllable, remissions and exacerbations frequently occur

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4
Q

Psoriasis Diagnostic Procedures

A

Observation of the skin, careful medical history, skin biopsy.

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5
Q

Psoriasis Treatment

A

Mild to moderate: Topical corticosteroids, emollients, exposure to UV light (phototherapy); non-steroidal creams; Careful skin hygiene
Moderate to Severe: Phototherapy, Retinoids (regulate epithelial cell growth), methotrexate
Complementary Therapy
Foods high in omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin supplements
Prognosis
Controllable, remissions and exacerbations frequently occur

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6
Q

Psoriasis Complementary Therapy

A

Foods high in omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin supplements

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7
Q

Psoriasis Prognosis

A

Controllable, remissions and exacerbations frequently occur

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8
Q

Urticaria (Hives) Description

A

Inflammatory reaction of capillaries beneath a localized area of skin
Etiology
Five I’s: Infection, Insects/infestations, Ingestion, Inhalation, Injection
Frequently results following ingestion of certain foods or allergic reactions to insect stings; heat, cold, water and sunlight exposure
Signs/Symptoms
Pale, superficial, well-defined, raised wheals on the skin possibly surrounded by erythema; intense itching

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9
Q

Urticaria Etiology

A

Five I’s: Infection, Insects/infestations, Ingestion, Inhalation, Injection
Frequently results following ingestion of certain foods or allergic reactions to insect stings; heat, cold, water and sunlight exposure
Signs/Symptoms
Pale, superficial, well-defined, raised wheals on the skin possibly surrounded by erythema; intense itching

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10
Q

Urticaria

Signs/Symptoms

A

Pale, superficial, well-defined, raised wheals on the skin possibly surrounded by erythema; intense itching

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11
Q

Urticaria Diagnostic Procedure

A 
Medical history, sensitization testing
Treatment
Avoidance of allergen
Antihistamines, hydrocortisone creams and lotions, systemic steroids, epinephrine.
Prognosis
Repeated exposure may lead to anaphylactic reaction
Prevention
Avoid causative agents
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12
Q

Urticaria Diagnostic Procedure

A

Medical history, sensitization testing

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13
Q

Urticaria Treatment

A

Avoidance of allergen
Antihistamines, hydrocortisone creams and lotions, systemic steroids, epinephrine.
Prognosis
Repeated exposure may lead to anaphylactic reaction
Prevention
Avoid causative agents

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14
Q

Urticaria treatment

A

Avoidance of allergen
Antihistamines, hydrocortisone creams and lotions, systemic steroids, epinephrine.
Prognosis
Repeated exposure may lead to anaphylactic reaction
Prevention
Avoid causative agents

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15
Q

Urticaria Prognosis

A

Repeated exposure may lead to anaphylactic reaction
Prevention
Avoid causative agents

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16
Q

Urticaria

Prevention

A

Avoid causative agents

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17
Q

Acne Vulgaris Description

A

60-70% of Americans.
Inflammatory disease of sebaceous glands and hair follicles; characterized by comedones, papules and pustules
Open or closed comedone
Etiology
Genetic predisposition, certain drugs, emotional stress, hormonal factors, occlusion and pressure on the skin. Not caused by specific foods.
Signs/Symptoms
Rupture of the acne plug, inflammation and acne pustules; scars if chronic irritation continues over time

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18
Q

Acne Vulgaris Etiology

A

Genetic predisposition, certain drugs, emotional stress, hormonal factors, occlusion and pressure on the skin. Not caused by specific foods.
Signs/Symptoms
Rupture of the acne plug, inflammation and acne pustules; scars if chronic irritation continues over time

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19
Q

Acne Vulgaris Signs/Symptoms

A

Rupture of the acne plug, inflammation and acne pustules; scars if chronic irritation continues over time

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20
Q

Acne Vulgaris Diagnostic Procedures

A

Medical history and observation of lesions

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21
Q

Acne Vulgaris Treatment

Goals:

A

reduce bacterial count, decrease sebaceous gland activity, prevent the follicle from becoming inflamed; antibacterial solution applied to the skin (Benzoyl Peroxide), orally administered antibiotics, or both

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22
Q

Acne Vulgaris Proactiv Solution:

A

Active Ingredient: benzoyl peroxide 2.5% Price: $20.00-60.00

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23
Q

Acne Vulgaris Oxy Acne Treatment: Active Ingredient:

A

benzoyl peroxide 10% Price: ~$ 5.99

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24
Q

Rosacea Description

A

Chronic inflammatory condition that causes erythema, flushing or redness, and formation of red pustules on the face.
Absence of comedones.

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25
Q

Rosacea Etiology

A

Genetic predisposition (fair-skinned adults) and environmental factors
Signs/Symptoms
Flushing of cheeks, forehead, nose or chin; small red pustules form; nose may enlarge
3 phases: 1. Pre-rosacea (blush or flush easily) 2. Vascular rosacea (skin becomes sensitive and small vessels on cheeks and nose swell 3. Inflammatory rosacea (small red pustules on cheeks, nose, forehead and chin

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26
Q

Rosacea

Signs/Symptoms

A

Flushing of cheeks, forehead, nose or chin; small red pustules form; nose may enlarge

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27
Q

Rosacea Phases

A
  1. Pre-rosacea (blush or flush easily)
  2. Vascular rosacea (skin becomes sensitive and small vessels on cheeks and nose swell
  3. Inflammatory rosacea (small red pustules on cheeks, nose, forehead and chin
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28
Q

Rosacea Diagnostic Procedures

A

Physical examination and medical history

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29
Q

Rosacea Treatment Goal

A

reduction of inflammation using topical creams or lotions containing tretinoin, benzoyl peroxide, and azelaic acid; oral antibiotics (doxycycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, minocycline) . Intense pulsed light/broad band light therapy.

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30
Q

Rosacea Prevention

A

Reduce flare-ups by wearing sunscreen, protect face from wind, avoid overheating, use gentle facial cleansers and refrain from drinking alcoh

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31
Q

Keratosis Pilaris Description

A

Painless, skin-colored bumps that may redden and form rough patches of skin
Etiology
Usually before age 10, worsens with puberty
Signs/Symptoms
Small, evenly spaced papules on upper arms, thighs, buttocks and sometimes the face

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32
Q

Keratosis Pilaris Etiology

A

Usually before age 10, worsens with puberty

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33
Q

Keratosis Pilaris Signs/Symptoms

A

Small, evenly spaced papules on upper arms, thighs, buttocks and sometimes the face

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34
Q

Keratosis Pilaris Diagnostic Procedures

A

Dermatologist consultation, physical examination

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35
Q

Keratosis Pilaris Treatment

A

Removal of built-up keratin; lotions, creams or ointments; topical steroids

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36
Q

Alopecia Areata Description

A

Absence or loss of hair
Scarring Alopecia-fibrosis, loss of hair follicles, inflammation
Non-scarring Alopecia-hair shafts are gone but hair follicles are preserved
Etiology
Abnormal immune response
Signs/Symptoms
May occur gradually with advancing age or may be sudden

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37
Q

Alopecia Areata Etiology

A

Abnormal immune response

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38
Q

Alopecia Areata Signs/Symptoms

A

May occur gradually with advancing age or may be sudden

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39
Q

Alopecia Areata Diagnostic Procedures

A

Visual examination, detailed health history, examination of skin/oral mucosa and biopsy

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40
Q

Scarring Alopecia-Treatment

A

no treatment

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41
Q

Non-scarring Alopecia treatment-

A

Minoxidil to treat male pattern baldness, surgical redistribution of hair follicles

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42
Q

Alopecia Prognosis

A

Depends on the cause, alopecia due to scarring is permanent

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43
Q

Alopecia Prevention

A

None

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44
Q

Folliculitits Description

A

Infected hair follicle

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45
Q

Furuncle

A

abscess involving the entire hair follicle and adjacent subcutaneous tissue

46
Q

Carbuncle description

A

Several furuncles developing in adjoining hair follicles with multiple drainage sinuses

47
Q

Folliculitis/Furuncles/Carbuncles Etiology

A

Infection by staphylococcal bacteria

48
Q

Folliculitis/Furuncles/Carbuncles Signs/Symptoms

A

Affected area may be extremely painful, tender and swollen; abscess may eventually enlarge, soften and open discharging pus and necrotic material; erythema and edema may persist for days or weeks

49
Q

Folliculitis/ Furuncles/ Carbuncles Diagnostic Procedures

A

Made on basis of appearance of characteristic lesion; slight leukocytosis; gram stains of purulent content reveal causative organism

50
Q

Folliculitis/Furuncles/Carbuncles Treatment

A

Boil should never be squeezed; clean infected area with soap and water; hot compresses should be applied; antibiotic agents frequently prescribed; surgical incision and drainage

51
Q

Folliculitis/Furuncles/Carbuncles Prognosis

A

The condition may recur for months or years; complications include bacteremia

52
Q

Folliculitis/Furuncles/Carbuncles Prevention

A

Good personal hygiene and prevention of infectious process

53
Q

Pediculosis Description

A

Infestation with lice on the body, scalp and pubic area

54
Q

Pediculosis Etiology

A

Lice feed on human blood and lay eggs in body hair or clothing

55
Q

Pediculosis Signs/Symptoms

A

Intense pruritus and evidence of nits on hair shafts; lice on clothing or skin; excoriation of patches of skin and pyoderma

56
Q

Pediculosis Diagnostic Procedures

A

Visual examination

57
Q

Pediculosis Treatment

A

Scalp: Permethrin 1% cream rinse;
Body: wash with soap and water; clothing and bedding must be washed or dry cleaned
Pubic: creams, lotions or shampoos

58
Q

Pediculosis Prognosis

A

Excellent with treatment but complications include severe pruritus, pyoderma, and dermatitis

59
Q

Pediculosis Prevention

A

Good hygiene, avoid contact with infested persons, don’t share combs, brushes or clothing

60
Q

Dermatophytoses Description

A

Chronic, superficial fungal infection; tinea capitis (scalp), tinea corporis (body), tinea unguium (nails), tinea pedis (feet) or groin (tinea cruris)

61
Q

Dermatophytoses Etiology

A

Caused by several species of fungi, transmitted by direct contact with the fungus or its spores; infection more likely if skin is traumatized

62
Q

Tinea Capitis-

A

persistent, contagious infection; slight itching of the scalp

63
Q

Tinea Corporis-

A

(ringworm) occurs on exposed skin surfaces; lesions ringed and scaled with small vesicles

64
Q

Tinea Unguium-

A

starts at the tip of one or more toenails; nail appears lusterless, brittle, and hypertrophic

65
Q

Tinea Pedis-

A

(athlete’s foot) persistent itching-most common symptom; burning, stinging and pain

66
Q

Tinea Cruris-

A

(jock itch) may be associated with tinea pedis, occurs among male athletes, characterized by red, raised , itching lesions

67
Q

Dermatophytoses Diagnostic Procedures

A

KOH microscopy

Dependent on the location and appearance of the skin lesion; suspected lesions may be cultured to isolate the fungus

68
Q

Dermatophytoses Treatment

A

Apply topical fungicidal medication; oral medications may be prescribed; loose-fitting clothing should be worn and changed frequently
Personal hygiene

69
Q

Dermatophytoses Prognosis

A

All forms tend to be chronic and persistent
Prevention
Proper hygiene practices

70
Q

Candidiasis Description

A

Fungal infection caused by Candida albicans. Look for warm, moist, dark environment,

71
Q

Candidiasis Etiology

A

Secretions or excretions
Birth canal
Sexual intercourse

72
Q

Symptoms

Skin

A

Scaly, red, papular rash

diaper rash

73
Q

Sx Mouth (thrush)

A

Patches on the tongue, mouth or pharynx

Swelling in infants

74
Q

Sx Vagina

A

Abnormal discharge

itchy

75
Q

Candidiasis Diagnostic Procedures

A

KOH microscopy
Treatment
Hygiene, keep area dry.
Antifungal drugs

76
Q

Candidiasis Prevention/Control

A

Treatment can prevent thrush in a newborn

Partner treatment

77
Q

Scabies Description

A

Skin infection that results from the infestation by the itch mite

78
Q

Scabies Etiology

A

Infection caused by the itch mite; mites live in the skin of humans causing chronic infection
Skin to skin contact

79
Q

Scabies Signs/Symptoms

A

Intensely itchy. Itching intensifies at night; lesions excoriated and may appear threadlike; appear between fingers, on wrists, on elbows, in the axilla, at the waist, on nipples, buttocks and genitalia

80
Q

Scabies Diagnostic Procedures

A

Visual examination. Look for burrows
Treatment
Application of a pediculicide-permethrin 5%; left on for 8 to 12 hours a day for 5 days; Treat all family members. Antipruritics and oral antihistamines may reduce itching
Prognosis
Good; intense scratching may lead to secondary bacterial infection
Prevention
Practice good hygiene

81
Q

Scabies Prognosis

A

Good; intense scratching may lead to secondary bacterial infection

82
Q

Scabies Prevention

A

Practice good hygiene

83
Q

Scabies Diagnostic Procedure

A

Characteristic lesions; yellow crust

84
Q

Scabies Treatment

A

Antibiotics: topical and/or oral; Good hygiene
Prognosis
Good
Prevention
Good hygiene and avoidance of infected people

85
Q

Scabies Prognosis

A

Good

86
Q

Scabies Prevention

A

Good hygiene and avoidance of infected people

87
Q

Impetigo Description

A

Contagious skin infection marked by a vesicle or bulla that becomes pustular, ruptures and forms a yellow crust

88
Q

Impetigo Etiology

A

Streptococcal or staphylococcal bacteria; predisposing factors: poor hygiene, malnutrition, anemia

89
Q

Impetigo Signs/Symptoms

A

Lesions begins as macules, vesicles, and pustules. Primary lesions rupture leaving honey-colored liquid; liquid hardens and thick yellow crust forms over the infected site; most common on the mouth, nose, neck, or extremities

90
Q

Impetigo Diagnostic Procedure

A

Characteristic lesions; yellow crust

91
Q

Impetigo

Treatment

A

Antibiotics: topical and/or oral; Good hygiene

92
Q

Impetigo

Prognosis

A

Good

93
Q

Impetigo Prevention

A

Good hygiene and avoidance of infected people

94
Q

Warts Description

A

Benign circumscribed, elevated skin lesions resulting from hypertrophy of the epidermis; common, plantar, flat, filiform, or periungual warts

95
Q

Warts Etiology

A

Caused by infection from papilloma viruses; usually through direct contact

96
Q

Warts Signs/Symptoms

A

Usually asymptomatic except when they occur on weight-bearing areas; tenderness and itching

97
Q

Warts Diagnostic Procedures

A

Visual examination

98
Q

Warts Treatment

A

Removed with Carbon Dioxide, applied laser therapy, salicylic acid plasters, surgical excision, cryosurgery, keratolytic agents

99
Q

Warts Prognosis

A

Spontaneous cures occur 50% of the time; warts may resist treatment; secondary infection and scarring are possible

100
Q

Warts Prevention

A

Avoid touching any warts

101
Q

Vitiligo Description

A

Melanocytes are destroyed or cease producing melanin which results in depigmentation or white patches on the skin and mucous membranes
Etiology
Genetically determined or autoimmune disorder
Signs/Symptoms
Depigmentation or white spots appear on areas exposed to sunlight such as the face, lips, hands and feet
3 patterns: 1. focal pattern-one or a few areas 2. segmental pattern- affects only one side of the body 3. generalized pattern- symmetrically on both sides of the body

102
Q

Vitilgo Etiology

A

Genetically determined or autoimmune disorder

103
Q

Vitiligo Signs/Symptoms

A

Depigmentation or white spots appear on areas exposed to sunlight such as the face, lips, hands and feet
3 patterns: 1. focal pattern-one or a few areas 2. segmental pattern- affects only one side of the body 3. generalized pattern- symmetrically on both sides of the body

104
Q

Vitiligo Diagnostic Procedures

A

Physical examination, medical history of sunburn, trauma, premature graying, stress or physical illness 2 to 3 months before depigmentation occurred and family history of vitiligo

105
Q

Vitiligo Treatment

A

Topical corticosteroids; ultraviolet A therapy; micropigmentation or tattooing

106
Q

Vitiligo Prognosis

A

Chronic condition with unpredictable prognosis

107
Q

Vitiligo Prevention

A

None

108
Q

Scleroderma Description

A

Progressive, chronic, connective tissue disease characterized by diffuse fibrosis of the skin and internal organs; degenerative and fibrotic changes in skin, blood vessels, skeletal muscles and internal organs

109
Q

Scleroderma Etiology

A

Appears to be an autoimmune disorder

110
Q

Scleroderma Signs/Symptoms

A

Raynaud phenomenon: discoloration of fingers or toes after exposure to change in temperature; followed by pain, stiffness, swelling of fingers and joints; calcium deposits appear in connective tissue; skin becomes thick, shiny and taut; contractures develop, GI symptoms: heartburn, diarrhea, constipation, weight loss, malabsorption

111
Q

Scleroderma Diagnostic Procedures

A

Typical cutaneous clinical picture; hand, chest and GI x-rays may show systemic changes

112
Q

Scleroderma Treatment

A

Chemotherapy with immunosuppressive drugs; corticosteroids and colchicine; vasodilators and antihypertensive drugs (raynaud phenomenon) digital ulcerations require immediate treatment

113
Q

Scleroderma Prognosis

A

Variable; poor with death usually resulting from renal, cardiac, or pulmonary failure

Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases (4 decks)

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