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bio > module 2.1 > Flashcards

module 2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

plasma membrane?

A

phosolipid by layer that controls entry/exit.

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2
Q

nucleus?

A
  • has a nucleolus (contains RNA & makes ribosomes)
  • MRNA leaves through pores
  • nuclear envelope
  • nuclear pores (substances to enter/leave)
  • inside nucleus= chromatin (chromosomes) found here
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3
Q

RER?

A
  • doubler membrane with cisternae for transporting molecules

- contains ribosomes for protein synthesis

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4
Q

SER?

A

-synthesise cholesterol and lipids

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5
Q

Golgi?

A
  • receives proteins from ribosomes in a vesicle(small membrane sac)
  • proteins are folded, processed & sent to membrane in vesicle.
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6
Q

Lysosomes?

A

-bind to old organelles & pathogens to release enzymes and digest them.

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7
Q

Centriole?

A
  • animal cells only
  • involved in cilli & pseudopodia formation (2.5)
  • involved in cell division (2.6)
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8
Q

mitochondria?

A
  • site of aerobic respiration

- membrane bound organelle

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9
Q

what are the 3 plant only organelles?

A

cell wall, permanent vacuole, chloroplasts

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10
Q

PLANTS ONLY- chloroplasts?

A
  • site of photosynthesis
  • membrane bound organelle
  • high internal surface area for photosynthesis
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11
Q

PLANTS ONLY-permanent vacuole?

A
  • membrane bound( called tonoplast)
  • contains sap
  • maintains turgidity (firmness)
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12
Q

PLANTS ONLY- cell wall?

A
  • made out of cellulose(sugar)

- protects the cell

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13
Q

what is the cytoskeleton?

A

a collection of filaments and tubules that give the cell its shape and structure + allows movement within a cell

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14
Q

state necessary things about microfilaments

A

polymers of actin
provide shape and structure
very small
7nm diameter

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15
Q

state necessary things about microtubules

A

polymers of tubulin
provide a transport network for KINESINS( motor proteins) to pull vesicles + organelles around the cell
used in mitosis and flagella
18-30 nm

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16
Q

what is a stage micrometre

A

standard sized ruler to calibrate microscopes

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17
Q

what is an eye graticule

A

standard sized ruler in the eyepiece that remains in focus at all times. used for measuring cells.

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18
Q

compare eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells (6)

A 
eukaryotic:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
true nucleus
membrane bound organelles(eg golgi)
larger (usually)
animal/plant/fungi/protists
Prokaryotic
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
no nucleus
no membrane bound organelles
smaller
bacteria+archea
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19
Q

prokaryotic cells:

pilli?

A

attaching to other surfaces or cells

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20
Q

~prokaryotic cells:

plasma membrane

A

~surrounds cytoplasm

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21
Q

prokaryotic cells:

no nucleus/ loose dna

A

continuous loop, no histones

22
Q

prokaryotic cells:

ribosomes

A

smaller

no rer

23
Q

prokaryotic cells:

cytoplasm

A

no cytoskeletal structures

24
Q

prokaryotic cells: wall around it name??

A

peptidoglycan wall (protein)

25
Q

prokaryotic cells: plasmids?

A

small circle of genetic material

26
Q

prokaryotic cells: flagellum

A

mobility

27
Q

name all the structures in prokaryotic cells:

A
  • pilli
  • no nucleus, loose DNA
  • cytoplasm
  • plasma membrane
  • ribosomes
  • plasmids
  • flagellum
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • peptidoglycan wall (protein)
  • protective waxy capsule surrounding cell wall
28
Q

how can bacteria pass on genetic material between organisms? (1)

A

pilus draws bacteria together

29
Q

how can bacteria pass on genetic material between organisms? (4)

A

plasmids can be passed from one bacterium to an adjacent bacterium. This naturally occurring phenomenon allows beneficial traits to spread quickly.
-used to produce desired proteins

30
Q

what is the Endosymbiotic theory

A

explains how early eukaryotic cells consumed respiring bacteria+ photosynthesising bacteria for mutual benefits.

31
Q

what is millimetres to micrometres?

A

1mm= 1000um

32
Q

what is micrometres to nanometers?

A

1um=1000nm

33
Q

coordination between organelles- state how proteins are made

A
  1. a gene is copied into a molecule of MRNA (messenger RNA). This is called TRANSCRIPTION.
  2. the mRNA leaves the nucleus via a pore and travels to the ribosome on RER.
  3. The mRNA is read by a ribosome in triplet code to make a primary structure protein, this is called TRANSLATION.
  4. The primary structure protein is budded off the RER in a vesicle and moved to the golgi body.
  5. At the golgi, the primary structure proteins are folded into secondary/tertiary/quaternary structure formation. Other components are added to the protein.
  6. The finished protein is budded off the golgi into a vesicle and moved to the plasma membrane.
  7. Vesicle merges with plasma membrane and the proteins released from the cell. This is called EXOCYTOSIS.
34
Q

Coordination between organelles:7 steps of making proteins

A
  1. A gene is copied into a molecule of mRNA(TRANSCRIPTION)
  2. The mRNA leaves the nucleus via a pore and travels to the ribosome on RER.
  3. The mRNA is read by a ribosome in triplet code to make it a primary structure protein.
  4. The primary structure protein is budded off the RER in a vesicle and moved to the Golgi body.
  5. At the golgi, the primary structure protein is folded into secondary/tertiary/ quaternary formation.
  6. The finished protein is budded off the golgi into a vesicle and moved to the plasma membrane.
  7. Vesicle merges with plasma membrane and the protein is released from the cell (EXOCYTOSIS)
35
Q

state general things about optical microscopes… red and mag included

A

rely on lenses to focus a beam of light. mag up to x1500. and res (0.2um)

36
Q

advantages of optical microscopes

A

cheap, easy to use, specimen can be alive

37
Q

disadvantages of optical microscopes

A

low mag, low res

38
Q

advantages of tems

A

high level mag/res

fine detail can be observed

39
Q

disadvantages of tems

A

large, expensive, specimens have to be dead. skills and training needed.

40
Q

advantages of sems

A

3D image given, high mag, depth of field given

41
Q

disadvantages of sems

A

black and white image, expensive, large, specimens have to be dead

42
Q

how do laser scanning microscopes work

A

use laser light to scan an object point by point and assemble it by computer

43
Q

advantages of laser scanning microscopes

A

can focus on structures at diff depths within a specimen so can observe whole living specimens

44
Q

disadvantages of laser scanning microscopes

A

costly, relatively small field of vision

45
Q

state 4 similarities and differences between bacterial cells (prokaryotes) and fungal cells (eukaryotes)

A
  • both have ribosomes in the cytoplasm
  • only fungi have a membrane bound nucleus
  • bacteria have plasmids, fungi do not.
  • both have cell walls. Fungal is made of CHITTIN and bacteria is PEPTIDOGLYCAN.
46
Q

uses of light microscope, TEM, SEM, laser scanning!!

A

light microscope- whole cells and tissues
TEM- organelles
SEM- cell surfaces
laser scanning- an object at a certain depth within a cell

47
Q

resolution and magnification of:
light microscope;
TEM;
SEM;

A

light microscope; x1500 |200nm (0.2um)
TEM; x500000 | 0.2nm
SEM; x100000 | 0.2 nm

48
Q

how do you find the value of one eyepiece division

A

1000/total magnification =___um

49
Q

why do specimens need to be stained

A

to make them visible, to increase contrast

50
Q

2 processes inside cells that rely on cell movement

A
  • chromosomes in cell division

- exocytosis

bio (29 decks)

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