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3. go ovr textbook tricky concepts Flashcards

1
Q

what does total lung volume consist of

A

vital capacity and residual vol

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2
Q

whats vital capacity

A

the max volume of air that can be inhaled/exhaled by the lungs in one breath.

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3
Q

whats residual vol

A

the vol of air that remains in the lungs even after forced expiration- remains in the airway and alveoli

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4
Q

whats tidal vol

A

the vol of air moved in and out with each breath- at rest

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5
Q

how do u calculate oxgen uptake from a spirometer trace

A
  • draw a line from a trough to another final trough and measure the difference in vol from these lines.
  • divide this by the time taken
  • the unit will be dm^3s^-1
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6
Q

how do larger insects ventilate their tracheal system

A
  • tracheal system can expand and have flexible walls
  • movements of the wings alter the vol of the thorax
  • altering vol of their abdomen
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7
Q

3 reasons why some organisms have a transport system

A
  • big (size)
  • big animals ahve a small sa to vol ratio
  • large animals have a high metabolic activity
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8
Q

what is pulmonary circulation

A

a circuit carrying blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen (shouldn’t be at high pressure or it will damage capillaries in the lungs)

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9
Q

whats systemic circulation

A
  • a circuit carrying oxygen and nutrients around the body to the tissue. ( can be at a high pressure)
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10
Q

advantages of having a closed circulatory system

A

+ higher pressure so that blood flows more quickly.
+ more rapid delivery of oxygen and nutrients.
+ more rapid removal of CO2 and waste
+ transport doesn’t depend on body movements.

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11
Q

what does every blood vessel have

A

an inner lining called endothelium

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12
Q

what does the artery do

A

carry blood away from the heart at high pressure

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13
Q

talk abt the structure of the artery

A

wall consists of 3 layers:
endothelium first
-inner layer (tunica intima)= thin layer of elastic tissue allowing for stretch and recoil to maintain blood pressure
-middle layer (tunica media)= thick layer of smooth muscle
-outer layer (tunica adventitia)= relatively thick layer of collagen and elastic tissue= strength to withstand high pressure & recoil to maintain pressure

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14
Q

what are arterioles

A

small blood vessels distributing blood from an artery to the capillaries.
-contain a layer of smooth muscle to constrict the diameter- used to divert flow of blood to regions that are demanding o2

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15
Q

what are arterioles and talk abt their structure

A

small blood vessels distributing blood from an artery to the capillaries.
-contain a layer of smooth muscle to constrict the diameter- used to divert flow of blood to regions that are demanding o2

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16
Q

talk abt the structure of capillaries

A
  • narrow lumen=red blood cells squeezed against wall to reduce diffusion path
  • wall= single layer of flattened endothelial cells= reduced diff dist
  • walls are leaky allowing blood plasma and dissolved substances to leave
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17
Q

talk abt the structure of capillaries

A
  • narrow lumen=red blood cells squeezed against wall to reduce diffusion path
  • wall= single layer of flattened endothelial cells= reduced diff dist
  • walls are leaky allowing blood plasma and dissolved substances to leave
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18
Q

what are venules and talk abt their structure

A
  • collect blood from the capillary bed and lead into the veins
  • venule wall consists of thin layers of muscle and elastic tissue along with endothelium. thin outer layer of collagen
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19
Q

what do veins do

A

carry blood back to the heart (low pressure)

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20
Q

talk abt the structure of veins

A
  • lumen=large to ease the flow of blood
  • the walls have thin layers of collagen, smooth muscle and elastic tissue in the artery walls, don’t need to stretch and recoil.
  • valves to prevent backflow of blood
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21
Q

what’s hydrostatic pressure

A

the pressure that a fluid exerts when pushing against the sides of a vessel or container

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22
Q

whats lymph

A

-the fluid held in the lymphatic system, which is a system of tubes that returns excess tissue fluid to the blood system

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23
Q

whats plasma

A

the fluid portion of the blood

24
Q

whats oncotic pressure

A

the pressure created by osmotic effects of the solutes

25
Q

what does plasma contain

A

-o2, co2, minerals, glucose, amino acids, hormones, erythrocytes, leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets

26
Q

how is tissue fluid formed and how does it help cells (basic)

A
  • formed by plasma leaking from the capillaries

- surrounds cells and supplies them with oxygen and nutrients they require

27
Q

where is blood found to be at high hydrostatic pressure, and what does this pressure tend to do and what does this lead to forming.

A

-at the arteriole and of a capillary (near artery)
-this pressure tends to push the blood fluid out of the capillaries and through the capillary wall.
through the capillary wall, larger cells such as red blood cells, leukocytes and platelets cant while dissolved nutrients and oxygen can- the fluid that oozes out is the tissue fluid.

28
Q

what is the blood pressure like at the venous end of the capillary

A

much lower, this allows some of the tissue fluid to return to the capillary

29
Q

at the venous end of the capillary, what can tissue fluid do

A
  • some of the tissue fluid can return to the capillary
    -some is directed to the lymph or lymphatic system
    -
30
Q

talk about the hydrostatic pressure in…
Blood plasma-
Tissue fluid-
Lymph-

A

Blood plasma-high
Tissue fluid-low
Lymph-low

31
Q

talk about the oncotic pressure in…
Blood plasma-
Tissue fluid-
Lymph-

A

Blood plasma- more negative
Tissue fluid-less neg
Lymph-less neg

32
Q

talk about the cells in…
Blood plasma-
Tissue fluid-
Lymph-

A

Blood plasma- erythrocytes, neutrophil, leukocytes
Tissue fluid- some neutrophils,
Lymph- lymphocytes

33
Q

talk about the proteins in…
Blood plasma-
Tissue fluid-
Lymph-

A

Blood plasma- plasma proteins
Tissue fluid- few proteins
Lymph- few proteins

34
Q

apart from the hydrostatic pressure in blood, what also influences the movement of fluids?

A
  • the tissue fluids hydrostatic pressure

- the oncotic pressure of the solutes (dissolved substances)

35
Q

at the arteriole end what has the greatest influence? oncotic pressure or hydrostatic pressure?

A

hydrostatic pressure

36
Q

at the venule end what has the greatest influence? oncotic pressure or hydrostatic pressure?

A

oncotic pressure

37
Q

oncotic pressure of the blood tends to…

A

pull water back into the blood (it has a neg figure)

38
Q

oncotic pressure of the tissue fluid tends to…

A

pull water into the tissue fluid

39
Q

hydrostatic pressure of the blood tends to…

A

push fluid out into the tissues

40
Q

hydrostatic pressure of the tissue fluid tends to…

A

push fluid into the capillaries

41
Q

talk about how high hydrostatic pressure is at the venous end and arterial end

A

high at arterial end and lower at venous end

42
Q

how is tissue fluid formed

A

as blood is continuously pumped through small vessels, hydrostatic pressure is greater than oncotic pressure, so fluid moves out the capillaries. it then exchanges substances with the cells

43
Q

draw the structure of the heart

A 
left to right (right to left in terms of heart:)
vena cava
pulmonary artery
aorta
pulmonary vein
44
Q

what happens during cardiac diastole

A
  • heart relaxes
  • blood enters atria, increases pressure and opens AV valves, allows blood to flow into ventricles- pressure in heart is lower than arteries so semilunar= closed
45
Q

what happens during atrial systole

A

atria contracts and pushes blood into ventricles

46
Q

what happens during ventricular systole

A

ventricle contracts, semilunar opens, av valves close- blood flows into arteries

47
Q

how to calc cardiac output

A

cardiac output= heart rate x stroke volume

48
Q

explain the heart contracting

A
  • SAN initiates and spreads impulse across the atria, so they contract.
  • AVN receives, delays and conveys the impulse down the bundle of His.
  • Impulse travels into the Purkinje fibres which branch across the ventricles, so they contract from the bottom up
49
Q

abnormal activity seen on an ECG

A

tachycardia= fast heartbeat
bradycardia= slow heartbeat
fibrillation= irregular, fast heartbeat
ectopic=early or extra heartbeats

50
Q

describe the role of haemoglobin in transporting oxygen around the body

A
  • haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen
  • oxygen binds to haemoglobin in lungs/ high pO2.
  • forms oxyhaemoglobin
  • oxygen released in respiring tissues where pO2 is low.
51
Q

describe the bhor effect

A

-as partial pressure of co2 increases, the conditions become acidic causing haemoglobin to change shape . the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen thus decrease, so o2 is released

52
Q

describe the role of carbonic anhydrase in the bhor effect

A

converts co2 (which reacts with water) to produce carbonic acid which dissociates to produce H+ions.
these combine with haemoglobin to form haemoglobinic acid.
-encourages oxgen to dissociate from haemoglobin

53
Q

explain the role of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in gas exchange

A
  • 70% of co2 is carried in this form
54
Q

describe the chloride shift

A

intake of chloride ions into an erythrocyte. This repolarises the cell after bicarbonate ions ahve diffused out

55
Q

explain why foetal haemoglobin curve is to the left of the adult haemoglobin curve.

A
  • here the placenta has a low pO2
  • adult oxyhaemoglobin will dissociate in low pO2.
  • foetal haemoglobin, has a higher affinity for oxygen
  • fetal haemoglobin is still able to take up oxygen at a lower pO2.

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