Unit 2 content Flashcards

1
Q

How many people die of stroke

A

1 in 5

More women than men

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of stroke and which is more prevelant

A

Ischemic and Hemorrhagic

ischemic strokes account for 80% of all strokes

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3
Q

What is a thrombus

A

Platelet aggregation that forms and blocks flow

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4
Q

What is an Embolism

A

forms elsewhere in the body then lodged in a blood vessel in the brain blocking blood flow

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5
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

build up of plaque that blocks blood flow

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6
Q

What is the pathophysiology of a stroke

A

Release of glutamate
Altered Ca ion channels cause influx of Ca into neurons
Activation of destructive Ca sensitive enzymes
Further neuronal cell death

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7
Q

What are the signs of a stroke

A

FAST

face, arm, speech, time

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8
Q

What are the signs of an ACA infarct

A

Contralateral hemiparesis
Mostly lower extremity sensory loss
Confusion

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of a MCA infarct

A
Mostly upper extremity sensory loss and weakness
Visual problems - homonymous hemianopsia
Neglect if non dominant hemisphere
Apraxia if dominant hemisphere
Aphasia
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10
Q

What are the symptoms of a PCA infarct

A

Homonymous hemianopsia

Contralateral transient hemiparesis or plegia and sensory loss`

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11
Q

What drug is useful for destroying clots and how should it be administered

A

tPA
3 hours of stroke symptoms
not to be used in hemorrhagic stroke

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12
Q

What are some characteristics of right sided stroke

A

Difficulty with ambulating without realizing it

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13
Q

What are some characteristics of left sided stroke

A

more likely to have aphasia and apraxia
aware of limitations
may have clinical depression

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14
Q

What are the requirements for entering subacute care for a stroke

A

tolerate therapies for 3 hours a day 6 days a week for 2 separate disciplines

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15
Q

What are the requirements for entering chronic care for a stroke

A

diagnosis lasts 6 months

Patient comfortable entering and exiting own home

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16
Q

Briefly describe Parkinson’s disease

A

Slowly progressive neuro-degenerative disorder of the basil ganglia

17
Q

what gender is affected more by Parkinson’s and at what rate

A

Men 1.2-1.5 times more likely

18
Q

What are the common etiologies for Parkinson’s

A

Idiopathic
genetic - 10%
Secondary
- toxins, medication, multi infarct vascular disease

19
Q

What is Normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

disease that can look like Parkinson’s but isn’t
Causes increase in the amount of cerebrospinal fluid
Large ventricles that compress parts of the brain
Shuffling, incontinence, and cognitive decline
No tremor
Treat with shunt

20
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s

A

Degeneration of dopamine producing neurons in the basal ganglia

21
Q

What are the cardinal features of Parkinsins

A
TRAP
Tremors
Rigidity
Brady/Akinesia
Postural instability
22
Q

What are some secondary motor symptoms of Parkinson’s

A

stooped kyphotic posture
Extensor weakness and flexor tightness
Start hesitation
difficulty dual tasking

23
Q

What are some non motor symptoms of Parkinson’s

A
Depression and anxiety
Psychosis
Orthostatic hypotension
Dysphagia
Lack of smell
24
Q

What are the HY classifications for Parkinson’s

A

1 - minimal disability, unilateral symptoms
2 - bilateral or midline involvement
3 - postural instability, lives independently
4 - all symptoms, walking and standing only possible with assistance
5 - chair or bed bound

25
Q

What drugs are used to treat Parkinson’s

A

Levodopa and Carbidopa
avoid large protein meals with these medications
Carbidopa helps levodopa reach the brain

26
Q

What is end of dose deterioration

A

when the medication effectiveness fades

27
Q

What is the on-off phenomena

A

unpredictable and random return of symptoms

28
Q

What is DBS and what does it do

A

Deep brain stimulation
implanted electrode
reduces tremors, motor fluctuations and the amount of medication needed