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A&P Lecture Exam 2 > CH 8 > Flashcards

CH 8 Flashcards

1
Q

articulations (joints)

A

defined as a location where two or more bones interact or articulate

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2
Q

joints: classification: structure

A

based on a type of tissue that binds bones together:
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

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3
Q

joints: classification: function

A

based on degree of motion

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4
Q

3 degrees of motion for a joint

A

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

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5
Q

synarthrosis

A

Non-movable joint (sagittal suture)

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6
Q

amphiarthrosis

A

slightly movable joint

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7
Q

diarthrosis

A

freely movable joint (shoulder, hip)

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8
Q

Joints: Fibrous

A
  • two bones united by fibrous CT
  • have NO joint cavity
  • capable of little to no movement
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9
Q

Joints: Fibrous: Can be further classified based on their structure to:

A

sutures
syndesomses
gomphoses

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10
Q

Joints: Fibrous: Sutures

A
  • held together by dense fibrous CT
  • periosteum of one bone continuous with another
  • located between most skull bones
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11
Q

the margin of bones within suture sites are sites of…

A

continuous intra-membranous bone growth

  • many sutures eventually become ossified
  • coronal, lambdoid and sagittal sutures not usually ossified in normal adults
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12
Q

synostosis

A

formed when two bones grow together across a joint to become a single bone

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13
Q

Joints: Fibrous: Sutures: Frontanel

A
  • large area of unossified membrane between some bones of the fetal skull
  • make the skill flexible during birth
  • allow for rapid growth of the brain and skull after birth
  • close ~2 years of age
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14
Q

Joints: Fibrous: Syndemoses

A
  • bones are further apart than in a suture and joined by ligaments
  • held together by fibrous ligaments
  • some movement may occur in syndemoses due to the flexibility of the ligament
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15
Q

Joints: Fibrous: Gomphoses

A
  • consist of pegs held in place by fibrous tissue within sockets
    ex: joints between teeth and the sockets of the mandible
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16
Q

peridontal ligaments

A

CT bundles between the teeth and their sockets

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17
Q

joints: cartilaginous

A
  • two bones united by cartilage
  • have NO joint cavity
  • capable of little or no movement
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18
Q

cartilaginous can be classified based on their structure to:

A

synchondroses and symphyses

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19
Q

joints: cartilaginous: synchondroses

A
  • 2 bones joined by hyaline cartilage
  • little or no movement
  • some synchondroses are temporary (epiphyseal plates)
  • some persist throughout life (sternocostal synchondroses)
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20
Q

joints: cartilaginous: symphyses

A
  • 2 bones joined by fibrocartilage
  • little or no movement
  • some symphyses are slightly movable due to the flexible nature of the fibrocartilage
    ex: symphysis pubis- moves only during childbirth
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21
Q

Joints: Synovial

A
  • freely movable joints containing synovial fluid

- most joints of the appendicular skeleton (greater joint mobility than axial skeleton)

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22
Q

what 3 components will be present in all synovial joints?

A

synovial fluid
joint capsule
articular cartilage

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23
Q

synovial joints may be further classified based on the shapes of the adjoining articular surfaces:

A 
plane (gliding) joints
pivot joints
hinge joints
ball-and-socket joints
ellipsoid joints
saddle joints
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24
Q

articular cartilage

A

thin layer of hyaline cartilage that reduces friction at the end of the articulating bones

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25
Q

joint capsule

A
  • surrounds ends of the bones and forms a joint cavity
  • outer fibrous capsule
  • inner synovial membrane
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26
Q

outer fibrous capsule

A

dense irregular CT, continuous with the fibrous layer of the periosteum

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27
Q

inner synovial membrane

A

lines the joint cavity except for the articular cartilage and the articular disks. thin delicate membrane modified CT cells.

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28
Q

Synovial Fluid

A
  • mixture of polysaccharides, proteins, fat, and cells

- hyaluronic acid- provides the slippery consistency and lubricating qualities of the synovial fluid

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29
Q

Some, not all, synovial joints have…

A 
articular disk
meniscus
bursa
tendon sheath
bursitis
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30
Q

articular disk

A
  • flat plate or pad of fibrocartilage located between articular cartilages
  • absorbs/distributes forces when the bones move
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31
Q

meniscus

A

incomplete crescent-shaped fibrocartilage pad found in joints such as the knee or wrist (similar to articular disk but has a hole in center)

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32
Q

Bursa

A
  • pocket or sac
  • contains synovial fluid and provides cushion between structures that would rub together
  • some bursae provide a cushion between the skin and underlying bony prominences that arent part of joints
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33
Q

tendon sheath

A

bursae that extend along tendons

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34
Q

bursitis

A
  • inflammation of the bursa
  • causes pain
  • restricts joint movement
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35
Q

movement of synovial joints may be classified as…

A

uniaxial
biaxial
multiaxial

36
Q

uniaxial

A

movement occurring around 1 axis

37
Q

biaxial

A
  • movement occurring around 2 axes situated at right angles to one another
  • shape of the joint limits its ROM almost to a hinge motion in 2 axes and restricts rotation
38
Q

multiaxial

A
  • movement occurring around multiple axes

- allows a wide range of movement in almost any direction

39
Q

Joints: Synovial: Plane (Gliding)

A
  • consists of two opposed flat surfaces of approximately equal size
  • a slight amount of gliding can occur between the bones
  • uniaxial: some rotation is possible, but is limited by ligaments and adjacent bone
  • ex: articular processes between the vertebrae
40
Q

Joints: Synovial: Pivot

A
  • consist of a cylindrical bony process that rotates within a ring composed partly of bone and partly of ligament
  • uniaxial: restrict movement to rotation around a single axis
41
Q

what is an example of a pivot joint?

A

articulation between the head of the radius and the proximal end of the ulna

42
Q

Joints: Synovial: Hinge

A
  • consists of a convex cylinder in one bone applied to a corresponding concavity in the other bone
  • uniaxial
43
Q

what is an example of a hinge joint?

A

cubital (elbow) joint

44
Q

Joints: Synovial: Ball and Socket

A
  • consists of a ball at the end of one bone and a socket in an adjacent bone
  • a portion of the ball fits into the socket
  • multiaxial
45
Q

what is an example of a ball and socket joint?

A

shoulder joint

46
Q

Joints: Synovial: Ellipsoid (condyloid)

A
  • modified ball and socket joint
  • articular surfaces are ellipsoid in shape
  • biaxial
  • some specific ellipsoid joints capable of multiaxial movement
47
Q

what is an example of an ellipsoid joint?

A

atlantooccipital joint between the atlas and the occipital condyles

48
Q

Joints: Synovial: Saddle

A
  • consists of 2 saddle-shaped articulating surfaces oriented at right angles to each other
  • complementary surfaces articulate with each other
  • biaxial
49
Q

Example of a saddle joint?

A

the carpometacarpal joint between the carpal and metacarpal of the thumb

50
Q

5 Types of joint movement:

A 
gliding
angular
circular
special
combination
51
Q

Mobility at a given joint is directly related to…

A

the structure of the joint

52
Q

gliding movements

A

occur when 2 flat surfaces glide over one another

53
Q

angular movements

A

flexion and extension, plantar flexion and dorsiflexion and abduction and adduction

54
Q

circular movements

A

rotation, pronation and supination, and circumduction

55
Q

special movements

A

elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, excursion, opposition, reposition, inversion and eversion

56
Q

combination movements

A

two or more other movements combined into one

57
Q

Types of Movement: Angular: Flexion

A
  • to bend

- movement of a body part anterior to the coronal plane

58
Q

Types of Movement: Angular: Extension

A
  • to straighten

- movement of a body part posterior to the coronal plane

59
Q

Types of Movement: Angular: Exceptions

A

at the knee, flexion moves the leg in a posterior direction and extension moves the leg in an anterior direction

60
Q

Types of Movement: Angular: Plantar Flexion

A

movement of the foot toward the plantar surface (standing on toes)

61
Q

Types of Movement: Angular: Dorsiflexion

A

movement of the foot toward the shin (walking on heels)

62
Q

Types of Movement: Angular: Hyperextension

A

abnormal, forced, extension of the joint beyond its normal range of motion

63
Q

Types of Movement: Angular: Abduction

A
  • to take away
  • movement away from the median plane of the body
  • spreading fingers apart
64
Q

Types of Movement: Angular: adduction

A
  • to bring together
  • movement towards the median plane of the body
  • bringing fingers together
65
Q

Types of Movement: Circular: Rotation

A

turning of a structure around its long axis

66
Q

Types of Movement: Circular: Medial Rotation

A

rotates toward the midline of the body

67
Q

Types of Movement: Circular: Lateral Rotation

A

rotates away from the midline of the body

68
Q

Types of Movement: Circular: Pronation

A
  • prone position

- rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces inferiorly

69
Q

Types of Movement: Circular: Supination

A
  • supine position

- rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces superiorly

70
Q

Types of Movement: Circular: Circumduction

A
  • combination movement
  • combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
  • only occurs at freely movable joints
    ex: shoulder: makes a cone with the shoulder at the apex
71
Q

Shoulder joint

A
  • head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula
  • ball and socket joint
  • flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction
  • strengthened by ligaments and the muscle of the rotator cuff
  • tendon of the biceps brachii passes through the joint capsule
72
Q

Glenoid labrum

A
  • part of the shoulder joint

- fibrocartilage ring that serves as a point of attachment for the joint capsule

73
Q

Elbow joint

A
  • cubital joint
  • compound hinge joint between the humerus, ulna and radius
  • flexion and extension
74
Q

Hip Joint

A
  • not as much ROM as shoulder
  • ball and socket joint between the head of the femur and acetabulum
  • acetabular labrum
  • ligament of the head of the femur
75
Q

acetabular labrum

A
  • point of attachment for the joint capsule

- fibrocartilage that strengthens and deepens the acetabulum

76
Q

ligament of the head of the femur

A
  • located between the femoral head and the acetabulum

- carries a small nutrient artery to the head of the femur in 80% of the population

77
Q

Knee Joint

A
  • femur joins the tibia and patella
  • fibula joins the tibia
  • complex ellipsoid joint supported by many ligaments
  • flexion, extension and slight rotation of the leg
78
Q

Knee Joint (ligaments)

A
  • ACL
  • PCL
  • fibular collateral ligament/tibial collateral ligament
  • suprapatellar bursa
79
Q

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

A

prevents anterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur

80
Q

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

A

prevents posterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur

81
Q

Fibular (lateral) Collateral Ligament and Tibial (medial) Collateral Ligament

A

strengthen the sides of the knee joint and prevent the femur from tipping from side to side

82
Q

Suprapatellar Bursa

A

allows for movement of the anterior thigh muscles over the distal end of the femur

83
Q

Ankle (talocrural) joint and arches of the foot

A
  • special hinge joint of the tibia, fibula, and talus

- dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, and eversion of the foot

84
Q

Ligaments of the Foot Arches

A
  • hold the bones in an arch and transfer weight to the foot

- the stretch of the ligaments gives the foot more flexibility and allows it to adjust to uneven surfaces

85
Q

Effects of Aging on the Joints

A
  • tissue repair slows
  • rate of new blood vessel development decreases
  • production of synovial fluid declines
  • ligaments/tendons become shorter and less flexible, causing a decrease in ROM
  • muscles around joins weaken
  • a decrease in activity may lead to less flexibility and a decrease in ROM

A&P Lecture Exam 2 (8 decks)

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