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A&P Lecture Exam 2 > CH 5 > Flashcards

CH 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Nails

A

thin plates consisting of layers of dead stratum corneum cells with hard keratin

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2
Q

Nail body

A

the visible part of the nail

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3
Q

Nail Root

A

Part of the nail covered in skin

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4
Q

How do nails grow?

A

Distally

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5
Q

Nail Fold

A

Holds the lateral and proximal edges of the nail in place

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6
Q

Eponychium (cuticle)

A

stratum corneum from the nail fold that extends onto the nail body

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7
Q

Nail matrix

A
  • thick ET with a stratum basale (location of nail tissue formation)
  • produces most of the nail
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8
Q

Nail bed

A

the location where the nail attaches, distal to the nail matrix

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9
Q

Lunula

A

part of the nail matrix visible through the nail body

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10
Q

What results in the growth of the nail?

A

the production of cells within the nail matrix

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11
Q

Do nails grow continually?

A

Yes, unlike hair

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12
Q

The average rate of nail growth?

A

0.5-1.2 mm per day

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13
Q

T/F: Nails have a resting stage

A

False, nails have NO resting stage

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14
Q

T/F: Fingernails have a greater growth rate than toenails?

A

True

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15
Q

Integumentary System: Protection: Skin

A
  • protects underlying structures from abrasion
  • prevents entry of microorganisms
  • melanin absorbs UV light/ protects underlying structures
  • lipids act as a barrier to reduce water loss
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16
Q

Integumentary System: Protection: Nails

A
  • protect the ends of the fingers and toes from damage

- may be used in defense

17
Q

Integumentary System: Protection: Hair

A
  • hair on scalp acts as a heat insulator and protects against UV light/abrasion
  • eyebrows keep sweat out of eyes
  • eyelashes protect the eyes from foreign objects
  • hair in nose/ears prevents dust and materials from interesting
18
Q

Integumentary System: Other Functions: Sensation:

A

-skin contains sensory receptors for: heat, cold, touch, pressure, pain

19
Q

Integumentary System: Other Functions: Vitamin D Production

A
  • UV light stimulates the production molecule in the skin that is modified into vitamin D
  • Vitamin D increases Calcium uptake in the intestines
20
Q

Integumentary System: Other Functions: Temperature Regulation

A
  • controls heat loss from the body and dilation and constriction of blood vessels
  • sweat evaporates and lowers body temperature
21
Q

Integumentary System: Other Functions: Excretion

A
  • minor function

- sweat glands remove small amounts of waste products (water, salt, urea, uric acid, ammonia)

22
Q

1st step in temperature regulation:

A

blood vessel dilation results in increased blood flow toward the surface of the skin

23
Q

2nd step in temperature regulation

A

increased blood flow beneath the epidermis results in increased heat loss

24
Q

3rd step in temperature regulation

A

blood vessel constriction results in decreased blood flow toward the surface of the skin

25
Q

4th step in temperature regulation

A

decreased blood flow beneath the epidermis results in decreased blood flow

26
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A
  • least malignant (tending to be severe and become progressively worse)
  • most common skin cancer
  • stratum basale cells proliferate and invade the dermis/hypodermis
  • slow growing and often don’t metastasize (spread)
  • can be cured by surgical excision 99% of the time
27
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A
  • rises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
  • arise most often on scalp, ears, and lower lip
  • grows rapidly and will metastasize if not removed
  • prognosis is good if treated by radiation or removed surgically
28
Q

Melanoma

A
  • cancer of melanocytes
  • most dangerous type of skin cancer
  • likely to metastasize
  • resistant to chemotherapy
29
Q

Characteristics of Melanoma (ABCD rule)

A

Asymmetry
Border is irregular + exhibits indentations
Color is black, brown tan, red or blue
Diameter is larger than 6m

30
Q

how is melanoma treated?

A

-wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy

31
Q

when is the chance of survival from melanoma poor?

A

when the lesion is over 4mm thick

32
Q

Burns can be classified into…

A

1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree

33
Q

1st Degree Burns

A
  • least severe
  • only the epidermis is damaged
  • localized redness, swelling and pain
34
Q

2nd Degree Burns

A
  • The Epidermis and upper regions of the dermis are damaged

- symptoms mimic 1st-degree burns, but Blisters also appear

35
Q

3rd Degree Burns

A
  • most severe
  • entire thickness of the skin is damaged
  • burned area appears gray-white, cherry red, or black
  • no initial edema or pain (nerve endings are destroyed)
36
Q

Aging: Epidermal replacement of cells slows:

A

skin becomes thinner

37
Q

Aging: decreased elasticity and loss of subcutaneous tissue:

A

skin wrinkles

38
Q

Aging: Subcutaneous fat layer diminishes

A

intolerance of cold

39
Q

Aging: Sweat and Sebaceous glands are less active and the # of melanocytes decreases:

A

skin to become dryer and potentially itchy

A&P Lecture Exam 2 (8 decks)

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