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A&P Lecture Exam 2 > Lab Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of articulation of joints?

A

Arthrology

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2
Q

what kind of join is one in which the bones are held together by collagenous fibers?

A

Fibrous joints

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3
Q

when two bones fuse into a single bone, this union is called a…

A

synostosis

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4
Q

the teeth are held in the jaw by what specific kind of joint?

A

gomphosis

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5
Q

what kind of joint is slightly movable and is held together by fibrous CT?

A

syndesmosis

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6
Q

bones that are held together by cartilage (cartilaginous joints) are also known as…

A

synchondroses

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7
Q

what is the name of the joint that is held together by a joint capsule?

A

synovial joint

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8
Q

synovial fluid is secreted by what structure?

A

synovial membrane

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9
Q

a skull suture is what kind of joint in terms of movement?

A

synarthrosis

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10
Q

name the joints from least movable to most movable

A 
suture
syndesmosis
gliding
saddle
ball and socket
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11
Q

which of the following joints has the greatest ROM?

a. gomphosis b. suture c.synchondrosis d.hinge

A

hinge

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12
Q

in which joint would you find a meniscus?

A

synovial

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13
Q

what is the function of the meniscus in the knee?

A

provide cushion between the femur and tibia

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14
Q

what is the function of the labrum in the shoulder joint?

A

to deepen the socket

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15
Q

the joint between the trapezium and the first metacarpal is what kind of joint?

A

saddle joint

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16
Q

a class of joint with great movement is a…

A

diarthrosis

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17
Q

the joint between the scapula and humerus is what type of joint?

A

ball and socket

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18
Q

what kind of joint is located at the wrist (between the radius and scaphoid bones)?

A

condyloid

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19
Q

Anti-pronation shoes are specialized shoes to keep the feet from pronating. Does this mean that by using the shoes, the bottom of the feet would be tilted toward the midline or away from the midline?

A

toward the midline

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20
Q

what is the action of the deltoid muscle?

A

abducts the arm

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21
Q

name the origin of the supraspinatus muscle

A

supraspinous fossa

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22
Q

what is the insertion of the pectoralis minor?

A

coracoid process of scapula

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23
Q

what is the origin of the levator scapulae?

A

C1-C4

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24
Q

what is the insertion of the latissimus dorsi?

A

intertubercular groove of humerus

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25
Q

Does the biceps bracii muscle originate or insert on the humerus?

A

Neither

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26
Q

what is the origin of the trapezius?

A

occipital protuberance, C7, spinous process

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27
Q

the pectoralis major has what action?

A

flexes, adducts and medially rotates arm

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28
Q

what is the insertion of the subscapularis?

A

lesser tubercle of the humerus

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29
Q

what is the action of the triceps brachii?

A

extends/adducts arm, extends forearms

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30
Q

what is the origin of the brachialis?

A

anterior, distal surface of humerus

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31
Q

name all the muscles that flexes the arm

A

deltoid, pectoralis major, biceps brachii

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32
Q

what muscles are antagonists to the triceps brachii?

A

biceps brachii and brachialis

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33
Q

the epiphyseal plate is a cartilaginous joint. it is also called a…

A

synchrondrosis

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34
Q

what chemical crosses the snyapse, causing a muscle contraction?

A

ACH

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35
Q

where is calcium released inside the muscle cells that cause muscle contraction?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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36
Q

name the first phase after a stimulus in muscle contraction?

A

lag

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37
Q

define sub-threshold stimulus

A

one that won’t elicit a response in the muscle

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38
Q

what happens to the strength of contraction during wave summation?

A

contraction strength is more pronounced

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39
Q

describe incomplete an complete tetanus

A

incomplete tetanus is a rapid, repeated stimuli

complete tetanus is if the frequency of the stimulus increases

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40
Q

what is maximum recruitment?

A

the lowest voltage stimulus of which all of the muscle fibers are stimulated

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41
Q

How do tetanus and twitch correlate to human muscle contraction? which one is more reflective of human muscle response? Why?

A

human muscles don’t normally respond as twitch. Human muscles respond in numerous firing as seen in tetanus contraction

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42
Q

explain a muscle spasm in terms of recruitment of muscle fibers

A

spontaneous recruitment of muscles

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43
Q

who does the muscle respond to weight when it is first contracting versus when it is fatigued?

A

sporadic when fatigued, smooth when it first contracts

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44
Q

as an athlete warms up before exercising, the muscles increase in temperature. What effect does this have on various phases of muscle contraction?

A

rise in temperature allows for rise in enzymatic reactions and rise of force of contraction

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45
Q

name all the muscles that flex the arm

A

deltoid, pectoralis major, biceps brachii, coracobrachialis

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46
Q

what is the origin of the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

medial epicondyle of humerus and ulna

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47
Q

where does the flexor digitorum superficialis insert?

A

middle phalanges of digits 2-5

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48
Q

what is the action of the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle?

A

flexes and abducts hand

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49
Q

which muscle extends both the hand and the phalanges?

A

extensor digitorum

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50
Q

which muscles flex the hand?

A 
palmaris longus
flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris
digitorum superficials and profundus
flexor pollicis longus
flexor digitorum superficials
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51
Q

which muscles extend the thumb?

A

extensor pollicis longus and brevis. abductor pollicis longus

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52
Q

as you hit a nail with a hammer, which arm muscle are you using?

A

triceps brachii

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53
Q

as you look up at the ceiling, which back muscle are you using?

A

trapezius

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54
Q

how does the deltoid of a cat differ from the deltoid of a human?

A

the cats deltoid consists of 3 muscles

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55
Q

if you were to ride a horse, which muscles would you use to keep your seat out of the saddle as you rode?

A

adductor muscle

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56
Q

how do the gluteus medius and minimus prevent you from toppling over as you walk?

A

maintain center of gravity

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57
Q

name a muscle that is an antagonist to the biceps femoris muscle

A

rectus femoris

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58
Q

Name 2 muscles that are synergists with the biceps femoris muscle

A

semitendinosis and semimembranous

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59
Q

what is the insertion of all the muscles of the quadriceps group?

A

tibial tuberosity by the patella tendon

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60
Q

how does the action of the rectus femoris differ from that of the other quadriceps muscles?

A

flexes thigh

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61
Q

how many adductor muscles are there?

A

5

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62
Q

list two muscles that are responsible for thigh flexion

A

iliopsoas and sartorius and rectus femoris

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63
Q

where do the hamstring muscles originate as a group/

A

ischial tuberosity

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64
Q

what is the action of the vastus lateralis?

A

extends leg

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65
Q

which muscle group is located on the anterior part of the thigh?

A

quadriceps femoris

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66
Q

which muscle flexes the lumbar vertebrae as part of its action?

A

illiopsoas

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67
Q

what is the origin of the gastrocnemius?

A

condyles of femur

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68
Q

what is the insertion of the tibialis anterior in humans?

A

metatarsal 1 and cuneiform 1

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69
Q

what is the action of the extensor hallicus longus

A

extends hallux, dorsiflexes foot, inverts foot

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70
Q

the calf is made up of which two muscles?

A

gastrocnemius and soleus

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71
Q

plantar flexion occurs by which muscles?

A 
gastrocnemius
soleus
peroneus longus
peroneus brevis
tibialis posterior
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72
Q

which muscle extends the toes?

A

extensor digitorum longus

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73
Q

name a muscle that dorsiflexes the foot

A

tibialis anterior

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74
Q

plantar flexion and eversion occur by the action of which muscle?

A

fibularis longus and brevis

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75
Q

what is the insertion of the soleus?

A

calcaneous

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76
Q

what is the insertion of the fibularis tertius muscle?

A

dorsum of metatarsal 5

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77
Q

what is the insertion of the flexor digitorum longus?

A

distal phalanges of digits 2-5

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78
Q

what is the origin of the masseter muscle?

A

zygomatic arch

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79
Q

what is the action of the risorius?

A

abducts corner of mouth

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80
Q

what kind of muscle is the orbicularis oculi or orbicularis oris muscle in terms of action?

A

sphincter

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81
Q

which muscle originates on the temporal fossa?

A

temporalis

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82
Q

name two muscles that close the jaw

A

temporalis and masseter

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83
Q

where does the sternocleidomastoid muscle insert?

A

mastoid process and superior nucnal line

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84
Q

which muscle closes the lips?

A

orbicularis oris

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85
Q

where does the orbicularis oculi insert?

A

skin of eyelid

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86
Q

what is the insertion of the temporalis?

A

coronoid process and mandibular ramus

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87
Q

name a muscle that closes the eye

A

orbicularis oculi

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88
Q

what is the action of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

rotates and extends neck, flexes neck

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89
Q

which muscle is a synergist with the masseter?

A

temporalis

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90
Q

what is the action of the serratus anterior m.?

A

abducts scapula

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91
Q

name 4 muscles that extend the vertebral column

A

multifudus
spinalis
longissimus
iliocostalis

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92
Q

How does the action of the rectus abdominus differ from that of the other abdominal muscles?

A

flexes vertebral column while the laterally rotate the trunk

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93
Q

what is the physical relationship of the intercostal muscles to each other?

A

external is superficial to internal, fibers run in same direction as external/internal

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94
Q

extension and rotation of the vertebral column occur by which group of muscles?

A

erector spinae

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95
Q

what is the action of the intercostal muscles?

A

elevates and depresses ribs

96
Q

what muscle inserts on the central tendon?

A

diaphragm

97
Q

the tendinous intersections are found in which muscle?

A

rectus abdominus

98
Q

what is the deepest abdominal m.?

A

transverse abdominus

99
Q

what is the action of the quadratus lumborum?

A

laterally flexes vertebral column, depresses rib 10

100
Q

which two muscles originate on the neck and extend and rotate the head?

A

splenius and semispinalis

101
Q

how do the abdominal muscles in the cat compare to those in humans?

A

can be described as ventral in cats and anterior in humans

102
Q

what muscle is involved in lateral and medial rotation of the arm?

A

deltoid

103
Q

the ___ muscle works a synergist to the pectoralis major muscle in flexing and adducting the arm.

A

coracobrachialis

104
Q

What are the four rotator cuff muscles?

A

infraspinatus
subscapularis
supraspinatus
teres minor

105
Q

what muscle works synergistically with latissimus dorsi.

A

teres major

106
Q

Identify the muscles that flex the wrist/hand.

A

flexor carpi radialis
flexor carpi ulanris
palmaris longus

107
Q

Identify the muscles that extend the wrist/hand.

A

extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi ulnaris

108
Q

Which muscle assists in both pronation and supination of the forearm?

A

brachioradialis

109
Q

List the posterior forearm muscles in order from lateral to medial.

A

extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor digitorum
extensor carpi ulnaris

110
Q

List the anterior forearm muscles in order from lateral to medial.

A

pronator teres
flexor carpi radialis
palmaris longus
flexor carpi unlaris

111
Q

During muscle contraction, calcium ions bind to

A

troponin

112
Q

During muscle contraction, binding sites for myosin are uncovered by the movement of

A

tropomyosin

113
Q

What is released when myosin heads attach to actin filaments?

A

phosphate

114
Q

The actin-myosin bond is broken by the attachment of

A

ATP

115
Q

Energy produced when ATP is converted to ADP and phosphate is stored in

A

myosin heads

116
Q

Cross bridges form between binding sites on actin myofilaments and

A

myosin heads

117
Q

An action potential for a muscle cell is propagated along the

A

sarcolemma

118
Q

An action potential enters a muscle cell at the

A

T-tubule

119
Q

Uncovering binding sites for myosin on actin myofilaments is involves troponin binding to

A

calcium ions

120
Q

Movement of sodium ions into the muscle cell at the neuromuscular junction causes

A

Depolarization of the muscle cell membrane

121
Q

Increased calcium ion permeability of the presynaptic terminal cell membrane is caused by an

A

AP

122
Q

The neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is

A

Acetylcholine

123
Q

The neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction increases permeability of the muscle cell membrane to

A

sodium ions

124
Q

T/F Myofibrils are composed of protein filaments called actin and myosin.

A

True

125
Q

A bundle of muscle fibers is known as a

A

fascicle

126
Q

T/F A skeletal muscle fiber (cell) contains a single nucleus.

A

False

127
Q

The muscle cell membrane is called the

A

sarcolemma

128
Q

Which connective tissue wrapping separates individual muscle fibers?

A

Endomysium

129
Q

In a fully contracted sarcomere, the H zone

A

Disappears

130
Q

T/F The I-band of a sarcomere is widest when a muscle is relaxed.

A

TRUE

131
Q

Which region of the sarcomere does not change length between muscle relaxation and muscle contraction?

A

A band

132
Q

The area between two Z discs is termed a(an)

A

sarcomere

133
Q

What is the action of the deltoid muscle?

A

flexion and medial rotation of arm

134
Q

What is the action of the biceps brachii muscle?

A

flexion of forearm

135
Q

What is the action of the brachioradialis muscle?

A

flexion of forearm

136
Q

What is the action of the pronator teres muscle?

A

pronation of forearm

137
Q

When one is suffering from a “pulled groin,” which muscle is often involved?

A

adductor longus

138
Q

what muscle that is important for powerful extension of the femur/thigh, but NOT important in walking.

A

gluteus maximus

139
Q

identify the muscles whose tendons contribute to the calcaneal tendon

A

gastrocnemius, soleus

140
Q

Identify the muscle that “unlocks” the knee joint from full extension

A

popliteus

141
Q

Choose the muscle that is used for the “push-off” of the foot during walking and running.

A

flexor hallicus longus

142
Q

Indicate the components of the “unhappy triad.”

A

tibial collateral ligament
anterior cruciate ligament
medial meniscus

143
Q

what are the muscles of the hamstring group?

A

biceps femoris
semimembranosus
semitendinosus

144
Q

what are the muscles of the quadriceps group?

A

vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
rectus femoris
vastus intermedius

145
Q

What is the action of the gluteus maximus muscle?

A

extension of thigh

146
Q

What is the action of the adductor magnus muscle?

A

adduction of thigh

147
Q

What is the action of the quadriceps femoris muscle?

A

extension of the leg

148
Q

What is the action of the gastrocnemius muscle?

A

flexion of lower leg

149
Q

What is the action of the iliopsoas muscle?

A

flexion of thigh

150
Q

What is the action of the soleus muscle?

A

plantar flexion of foot

151
Q

which muscle originates at the medial clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum

A

sternocleidomastoid

152
Q

Identify the muscle whose fibers run inferomedially.

A

external abdominal oblique

153
Q

what is the action of the latissimus dorsi?

A

extension of arm

154
Q

Indicate the three components of the erector spinae muscle group.

A

spinalis
iliocostalis
longissimus

155
Q

What is the action of the temporalis muscle?

A

both retracts and elevates the mandible

156
Q

What is the action of the erector spinae muscle?

A

extension of the vertebral column and head

157
Q

What is the action of the rectus abdominis muscle?

A

flexion of trunk

158
Q

What is the unilateral action of the external abdominal oblique muscle?

A

rotation of the trunk

159
Q

what structure projects inferiorly from the spinal cord?

A

cauda equina

160
Q

Provide the accurate description of the cervical enlargement

A

contains the neurons for upper limb innervations

161
Q

place the layers of meninges and spaces in order from superficial to deep

A 
dura matter
subdural space
arachnoid matter
subarachnoid space
pia matter
162
Q

Place the following cranial nerves in the appropriate categories based on function: Carries sensation of taste

A

facial n
glossopharyngeal n
vagus n

163
Q

Place the following cranial nerves in the appropriate categories based on function: Innervates extrinsic muscles of the eye

A

oculomotor
trochlear
abducens

164
Q

Place the following cranial nerves in the appropriate categories based on function: Contains parasympathetic fibers

A

facial n
glossopharyngeal n
vagus n
oculomotor

165
Q

Place the following cranial nerves in the appropriate categories based on function: is purely sensory in nature

A

optic
olfactory
vestibulocochlear

166
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid enters the central canal of the spinal cord from the

A

Fourth ventricle

167
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid enters the third ventricle of the brain by way of the

A

Interventricular foramen

168
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the

A

Brain ventricles

169
Q

The subarachnoid space lies between the

A

Arachnoid mater and pia mater

170
Q

The periosteal layer of dura mater is adherent to the

A

Inner surface of the skull

171
Q

The subarachnoid space contains

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

172
Q

A spinal nerve is formed by the union of

A

A dorsal and ventral root

173
Q

How many pair of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

174
Q

A dorsal root ganglion contains cell bodies of

A

Sensory neurons

175
Q

The ventral horn of the spinal cord contains cells bodies of

A

Motor neurons

176
Q

Dorsal rami of spinal nerves innervate

A

Skin and muscles of the back

177
Q

function of thalamus

A

Serves as the primary relay of incoming sensory information to the cerebral cortex (integration center).

178
Q

function of hypothalamus

A

Controls the autonomic nervous system and regulates body temperature.

179
Q

function of parietal lobe

A

Receives and processes incoming general sensory information.

180
Q

function of cerebellum

A

Coordinates complex movements and smooths muscle contractions.

181
Q

function of frontal lobe

A

Controls voluntary motor activity and higher mental processing.

182
Q

function of occipital lobe

A

Receives and processes incoming visual information.

183
Q

function of temporal lobe

A

Receives and processes incoming auditory and olfactory information.

184
Q

Identify the cranial nerve, which innervates intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles.

A

hypoglossal

185
Q

Select which cranial nerve has sensory fibers that monitor blood pressure at the carotid sinus

A

glossopharyngeal

186
Q

which of the following is the oculomotor nerve’s function.

A

pupillary constriction

187
Q

identity the cranial nerve, which transmits taste impulses from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

A

facial

188
Q

what is an accurate description of the abducens nerve?

A

innervates the lateral rectus muscle

189
Q

Identify the cranial nerve, which controls all but one of the muscles of the palate, pharynx, and the intrinsic muscles of the larynx.

A

vagus

190
Q

an astrocyte is responsible for the…

A

blood brain barrier that protects nervous tissue from blood-borne infections

191
Q

an ependymal cell…

A

lines the ventricles of the brain

192
Q

an ependymal cell acts like a barrier between the…

A

fluid in the area and the nervous tissue

193
Q

oligodendrocytes produce…

A

myelin in the CNS which leads transmission

194
Q

the brain belongs to which division?

A

CNS

195
Q

a spinal nerve belongs to which division?

A

PNS

196
Q

the spinal cord belongs to…

A

CNS

197
Q

which section nervous of the nervous system is dedicated to subconcious function?

A

ANS

198
Q

what is another name for an efferent neuron?

A

motor neuron

199
Q

2 adjacent neurons communicate with one another across a space. what is this space?

A

synapse

200
Q

where are neurolemmocytes located?

A

PNS

201
Q

myelin is made up of what kind of material?

A

lipoprotein

202
Q

which one of the meninges is just superficial to the brain?

A

pia matter

203
Q

what fluid is found in the ventricles of the brain?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

204
Q

into what space does fluid flow from the cerebral aqueduct?

A

4th ventricle

205
Q

gyrus

A

ridge

206
Q

sulcus

A

depression

207
Q

what structure connects the cerebral hemisphere?

A

corpus callosum

208
Q

name the major regions of the brain

A

corpora quadrigemina
peduncles
tetum

209
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

motor coordination and posture

210
Q

what effect would the loss of an entire cerebral hemisphere have on specific functions?

A

speech impairment

211
Q

if the broca were affected by a stroke, what would be effected?

A

ability to pronounce words

212
Q

determine function: optic

A

sensory

213
Q

determine function: trochlear

A

motor

214
Q

determine function: glossopharyngeal

A

sensory and motor

215
Q

determine function: hypoglossal

A

motor

216
Q

determine function: vagus

A

sensory and motor

217
Q

what cranial nerves innervates the anterior tongue?

A

facial

218
Q

what cranial nerves innervates the ear?

A

vestibulocochlear

219
Q

what cranial nerves innervates the

mandible

A

trigeminal

220
Q

what cranial nerves innervates the eye

A

optic

221
Q

what cranial nerves innervates the stomach

A

vagus

222
Q

what cranial nerves innervates the lateral rectus muscles of the eye

A

abducens

223
Q

what type of impulse travels through the ventral horn

A

motor

224
Q

what type of impulse travels through the dorsal horn

A

sensory

225
Q

what type of impulse travels through the ascending spinal tracts

A

sensory

226
Q

what type of impulse travels through the descending spinal tracts?

A

motor

227
Q

what causes the cervical enlargement?

A

increased neuro info going to and from

228
Q

where is filum terminale located?

A

inferior part of the spinal cord

229
Q

which major nerves give rise to the brachial plexus?

A

radial
axillary
musculocutaneous
ulnar

230
Q

which major nerves give rise to the lumbar plexus?

A

femoral, alterator

231
Q

which major nerves give rise to the sacral plexus?

A

sciatic

232
Q

what is the endoneurium?

A

sheath around a single nerve fiber

233
Q

how do tracts differ from nerves?

A

tracts are in the CNS and nerves are in the RNS

234
Q

the diaphragms contractions are regulated by which nerve?

A

phrenic

235
Q

the extensor muscles of the hand are controlled by which nerve?

A

radial

236
Q

the sciatic nerve is composed of which two nerves?

A

tibilal,

common fibular

A&P Lecture Exam 2 (8 decks)

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