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psychology YEAR 11 > research methods + intelligence > Flashcards

research methods + intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

what are ethics?

A

a set of moral principles

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2
Q

what are the 5 ethics used?

A
  • informed consent
  • confidentiality
  • voluntary parts
  • debriefing
  • protect from harm
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3
Q

what is a hypothesis?

A
  • short, testable statement that explains an observed phenomenon.
  • Independent and Dependent variables included.
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4
Q

what is an operational hypothesis?

A
  • Hypothesis in extreme detail (Includes IV, DV, participants/population, result measured by)
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5
Q

what is a directional/one-tailed hypothesis?

A

specific

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6
Q

what is a non-directional/two-tailed hypothesis?

A

not specific

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7
Q

what is an independent variable?

A

variable that is CHANGED by experimenter to determine impact on another variable

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8
Q

what is the dependent variable?

A

MEASURED variable in response to changes in other variables

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9
Q

what is the experiemental group?

A
  • Tested and provided with the independent variable
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10
Q

what is the control group?

A
  • Not exposed to independent variable

- Used to compare against experimental group

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11
Q

what is reliability?

A
  • How consistently it measures something

- Repeatable

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12
Q

what is reliability?

A
  • How consistently it measures something

- Repeatable

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13
Q

how can we ensure reliability?

A
  • Split half method = results split in half but still yield similar results.
  • Test-retest method = do it more than once and compare results
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14
Q

what is validity?

A
  • Measures what it intends to measure

- How valid the test is

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15
Q

how do you ensure validity?

A
  1. Face = does it look its measuring the correct thing

2. Construct = is everything included related to the theory being assessed

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16
Q

what is the population?

A

the whole group of interest to the researcher, including every individual member

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16
Q

what is the population?

A

the whole group of interest to the researcher, including every individual member

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17
Q

what is the sample population?

A

the smaller subgroup of the population that has been selected to participate in the research

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18
Q

what is random sampling?

A

A sampling technique ensuring every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. (e.g. the lottery)

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19
Q

what is stratfied random sampling?

A

a sampling technique ensuring that the sample includes all relevant subgroups of the population in the appropriate proportions with each participant in each subgroup being randomly selected

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20
Q

what is probability sampling?

A
  • every member of the target population must have an equal chance of being selected
  • random sampling
  • stratified random sampling
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21
Q

what is non probability sampling?

A
  • participants who are readily available are recruited
  • Convenience Sampling
  • Stratified Sampling
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22
Q

what is convenience sampling?

A
  • Obtaining a sample by recruiting participants who are readily available
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23
Q

what is stratified sampling?

A
  • Obtaining a sample by selecting subgroups in the proportions that they occur in the population from participants who are readily available
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24
Q

what do random errors arise from?

A
  • Uneven mix of participants
  • Failure to identify the target population
  • Non-response bias
  • Respondent bias
  • Interviewer bias
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25
Q

how do we reduce random error in an experiment?

A
  • Using an up-to-date and accurate sampling frame
  • Careful selection of the time the survey is conducted
  • Planning for the follow up of non-respondents
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26
Q

what are systematic errors?

A

Caused by the design of your experiment

- Arise because data has been collected from a part, rather than the whole of the population

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27
Q

what are random errors?

A

Chance fluctuations

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28
Q

what is quantitative data?

A
  • Data collected through systematic and controlled methodology; in numerical format
  • Can be collected in questionnaires, interviews or experiments
29
Q

what is qualititve data?

A
  • Data collected in written format. It refers to descriptions of the characteristics of what is being studied.
30
Q

what are the advantages and disadvatages of quantitative data?

A
  • Advantage = Allows for hypotheses to be tested and compared easily
  • Disadvantage = Limits participants to say what they really feel
31
Q

what is qualitative research and its strength and weaknesses?

A
  • Gathers information that is not in numerical

Strengths

  • Generates ides for further research
  • Describe information lost in quantitative research

Weaknesses

  • It is harder to analyse as it requires an accurate description of participant’s responses
  • Expert knowledge is necessary to try interpret qualitative data
32
Q

what are non-experiemental research methods?

A
  • case studies
  • archival research
  • correlational studies
  • surveys
33
Q

what are case studies?

A

in depth, direct behavioural observation of a single person or a group

34
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of case studies?

A

Advantages

  • Allows a lot of detail to be collected that would not normally be easily obtained by other research designs
  • Within the case study, scientific research can be conducted

Disadvantages

  • Data collected cannot be generalised to the wider population
  • Very difficult to draw cause/effect from case studies
  • Collects mainly qualitative- very lengthy to analyse
35
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of archival research?

A

Advantages

  • Cheaper- data is already there
  • Allows large scale representative

Disadvantages

  • Takes time to find data and obtain permission to use
  • Requires incredibly good knowledge and literary skills
36
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of correlational studies?

A

Advantages

  • No manipulation of behaviour is required
  • If correlation is signified, further investigation is justified

Disadvantages

  • No direct cause/effect can be inferred
  • Experiments may lack validity
37
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of surveys?

A

Advantages

  • High representatives
  • Low costs
  • Convenient data gathering

Disadvantages

  • Inflexible design
  • Not ideal for controversial issues
  • Possible inappropriate use of questions
38
Q

what is archival research?

A
  • Data that has been previously used/ collected by others
  • Systematic- can look at large samples
  • Can be in form of private/ public documents, mass media
39
Q

what are correlational studies?

A
  • Making a suggestion that a relationship exists between variables
  • Can’t prove when one variable causes a change to the other
40
Q

what are surveys?

A
  • Involves selecting a sample and using a predetermined set of questions
  • Methods- mail, personal interviews, telephone interviews
41
Q

define intelligence

A

the ability to learn from experience, apply knowledge to solve problems, and adapt and survive in different environments (social and geographical)

42
Q

what did Francis Galton do?

A
  • Believed it could be measured by simple tests
  • First systematic and scientific attempt to both understand and measure human intelligence
  • originated from darwin theory of evolution
43
Q

what did Charles spearman do?

A
  • Believed that there were two factors that made up intelligence

“g”: general intelligence
= performance on any test of mental ability was based on a single general ability factor
= general reasoning ability, more than just content and facts

“s”: specific intelligence
= special ability for a given task

44
Q

define general intelligence?

A

an ability that showed itself in different ways depending on one’s environment

45
Q

what did binet and simon do?

A
  • Developed questions that would predict a child’s future progress in the Paris school system
46
Q

what did lewis terman do?

A
  • Adapted Simon-Binet scale and used it in the USA
47
Q

what did howard gardner do?

A
  • Developed the theory of multiple intelligences
  • Believed individuals have the potential to develop a combination of 8 separate intelligences
  • IQ tests were too limited, people process a number of intellectual potentials
48
Q

what did Goleman do?

A
  • Noticed IQ tests failed to assess the ability to recognise and regulate one’s own emotions and read and respond to those of others
  • emotional intelligence
49
Q

define emotional intelligence

A
  • Ability to monitor one’s own and others feelings and emotion , to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and emotions
50
Q

what is mental age?

A

refers to the level of mental functioning in a child

51
Q

what was the orignal IQ equation?

A

IQ = (Mental age/ chronological age) x 100

52
Q

what are the 9 multiple intelligences?

A
  • linguistic
  • logical mathematical
  • musical
  • bodily kinaesthetic
  • visual spatial
  • interpersonal
  • intrapersonal
  • naturalistic
  • exstential
53
Q

what are the advantages to group testing?

A
  • Less time consuming because many examinees can be assessed at one sitting
  • Usually quicker to mark
54
Q

what are the advantages to individual testing?

A
  • more detailed information
  • may involve verbal responses
  • the use of tactile objects such as blocks to test different aspects of intelligence
55
Q

what are the disadvantages of group testing?

A
  • Assessment is less personal and there are likely to aspects of an examinees ability that may go undetected
  • Tests are often computer scored and individual errors may go unnoticed
56
Q

what are the disadvantages of individual testing?

A
  • Time consuming
  • Expensive to administer
  • IQ tests tend to ‘classify’ examinees
57
Q

what are the physiological responses indicating different states of conciousness?

A
  • galvic skin response
  • body temperature
  • heart rate
  • electrical activity of the brain
58
Q

what is galvic skin response?

A
  • Used as an indicator of alteration in an individual’s state of consciousness
  • High levels of arousal = increase sweat production
  • Sweat contains salt which conducts electricity
59
Q

what is body temp?

A
  • Shifts with changes in consciousness

- During sleep = temp drops

60
Q

what is heart rate?

A
  • Slows when asleep

- Fasten when raised by the use of stimulants at lead to altered states of consciousness

61
Q

what is electrical activity of the brain?

A
  • Higher frequency = faster brain waves move = more brain waves per unit of time
62
Q

What happens during stage 1 of NREM sleep?

A
  • Gradually lose awareness
  • drift in and out of sleep
  • mix of alpha and beta waves
63
Q

What happens during stage 2 of NREM sleep?

A

Blood pressure and temperature decrease

  • heart rate slows
  • breathing becomes regular
  • mainly theta waves
64
Q

What happens during stage 3 of NREM sleep?

A
  • start of deep sleep
  • more relaxed and less responsive to outside world
  • breathing continues to slow and steady
    heart rate, blood pressure
  • temperature decrease
  • mainly delta waves
65
Q

what happens during stage 4 of NREM sleep?

A
  • deepest sleep
  • similar physiological patterns to stage 3
  • bodies barely move
  • mainly delta waves
66
Q

what happens during REM sleep?

A
  • most vivid dreams occur
  • Rapid eye movements
  • beta waves
  • muscle movement suppressed
67
Q

what do alpha waves mean?

A
  • awake but relaxed state

- 8-12 hz

68
Q

what do beta waves mean?

A
  • Bloody aroused
  • when a person is alert, awake and active
  • 13-24 hz
69
Q

what do delta waves mean?

A
  • deep sleep

- <4 hz

70
Q

what do theta waves mean?

A
  • early stages of sleep

- 4-7 hz

psychology YEAR 11 (13 decks)

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