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PHSL101 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

how many valve cusps in the left AV valve

A

2

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2
Q

how many valve cusps in the right AV valve

A

3

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3
Q

what are the AV valves connected to

A

papillary muscles by the chordae tendinea

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4
Q

what does the SA node do

A

produces action potentials to generate the heartbeat (pacemaker region)

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5
Q

what is the conduction pathway of the heart

A

SA node, internodal pathways, AV node, AV bundle, moderator band, purkinje fibres

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6
Q

start of cardiac cycle (describe any pressure changes, valve positions and ECG)

A

SA node spontaneously depolarises to generate an action potential, all chambers are relaxed, pressure in atria is higher than ventricle so blood flows into ventricles, AV valves are open, pressure in the artery is higher than in the ventricle so semilunar valves are closed, no activity on ECG

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7
Q

step one of cardiac cycle (describe any pressure changes, valve positions and ECG)

A

atria are depolarised by SA node spontaneously depolarising, P-wave, pressure in atria slightly increases and they contract to ACTIVELY fill ventricles more, AV valves open, semilunar valves closed

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8
Q

step 2 of cardiac cycle - isovolumetric contraction (describe any pressure changes, valve positions and ECG)

A

action potential spreads to AV bundle and ventricles, ventricles depolarise and start to contract, QRS complex, pressure in ventricles higher than atria, AV and semilunar valves close, pressure builds in ventricles with no volume change

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9
Q

step 3 of cardiac cycle - ventricular ejection, systole (describe any pressure changes, valve positions and ECG)

A

ventricles still depolarised and continue to contract, ventricular pressure higher than in arteries, AV valves closed, semilunar valves open, ventricles eject blood into arteries

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10
Q

step 4 of cardiac cycle -isovolumetric relaxatio - diastole (describe any pressure changes, valve positions and ECG)

A

ventricles repolarise and relax, T-wave, pressure in ventricles decrease as blood is ejected to lower than arteries, AV and semilunar valves close, pressure drops in ventricles with no pressure change

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11
Q

at start of cardiac cycle all chambers are __

A

relaxed

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12
Q

what is the amount of blood pumped in one contraction called

A

stroke volume

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13
Q

step 5 of the cardiac cycle - diastole (describe any pressure changes, valve positions and ECG)

A

all chambers are repolarised and relax, pressure in ventricles drops below pressure in atria, AV valves open, semilunar valves are closed, ventricles start to PASSIVELY fill with blood

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14
Q

what creates heart sounds

A

the snapping shut of valve cusps creating turbulent blood flow

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15
Q

when does the first heart sound Lub happen and what does this look like on ECG

A

closing of the AV valves as the ventricles contract (following the QRS complex)

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16
Q

when does the second heart sound dub happen and what does this look like on ECG

A

when the semilunar valves close and ventricles depolarise and relax (following the T-wave)

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17
Q

what is healthy heart rate at rest

A

60-100

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18
Q

what is healthy stroke volume

A

70 ml

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19
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output

A

heart rate x stroke volume

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20
Q

what is healthy cardiac output

A

5 L/min

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21
Q

what is cardiac output

A

the amount of blood pumped in a minute

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22
Q

flow is determined by

A

pressure gradient and resistance

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23
Q

higher pressure = ___ blood flow

A

higher

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24
Q

blood pressure is determined by

A

the pressure generated by the left ventricle during contraction

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25
Q

bigger radius of blood vessels = ___ resistance and ___ blood flow

A

lower and higher, however different vessels have different radii and therefore different flow rates

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26
Q

longer length of blood vessel = __ blood flow

A

less

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27
Q

higher fluid viscosity = __ flow

A

less

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28
Q

flow is proportional to

A

pressure gradient and blood vessel radius

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29
Q

flow is inversely proportional to

A

resistance, blood vessel length and fluid viscosity

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30
Q

what is smooth flow through vessels called

A

laminar flow

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31
Q

turbulent flow __ resistance and___ flow

A

increases and reduces

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32
Q

arteries are __ reservoirs

A

pressure

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33
Q

veins are __ reservoirs

A

volume

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34
Q

arteries have __ walls and __ diameters

A

thick and large

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35
Q

are arteries high or low resistance

A

low

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36
Q

arteries are a combination of

A

elastic tissue and smooth muscle layers

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37
Q

elastic arteries reduce __ flow

A

pulsatile

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38
Q

where are elastic arteries found

A

immediately attached to the heart

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39
Q

what are arterioles made of

A

smooth muscle and endothelium

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40
Q

what are arterioles responsible for

A

determining relative blood flow to individual organs

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41
Q

arterioles are the main factor for determining

A

mean arterial blood pressure

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42
Q

what is the equation for pulse pressure

A

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

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43
Q

what is a normal pulse pressure

A

120/80-90

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44
Q

what is the equation for MABP

A

DP + 1/3 x PP

45
Q

what is total peripheral resistance

A

the combined resistance to blood flow of all the systemic blood vessels (excludes pulmonary vessels)

46
Q

what is TPR determined by

A

vascular resistance, fluid viscosity and turbulence

47
Q

the most common mechanism to alter blood flow is to change the

A

radius of the vessel

48
Q

to cause vasodilation, adrenaline acts on

A

beta receptors in vessels

49
Q

to cause vasoconstriction, adrenaline acts on

A

alpha receptors in vessels

50
Q

what nerves in the sympathetic system innervate arterioles and what chemical is released

A

vasomotor nerves, noradrenaline

51
Q

what is hyperaemia

A

increased blood in vessels, vasodilation

52
Q

what is hyperaemia in response to

A

increase in metabolic activity e.g. exercise

53
Q

what is myogenic autoregulation

A

if arterial blood pressure is changed, blood vessels respond to keep flow constant

54
Q

what are the three types of capillaries, from least to most leaky

A

continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal

55
Q

capillaries have __ cross sectional area

A

large

56
Q

capillaries have __ velocity of blood flow

A

low

57
Q

capillaries have three functions, what are they

A

filtration, diffusion, osmosis

58
Q

transport across capillaries can happen in which three ways

A

across endothelial membrane (directly or in channels), through pores of fenestrated capillaries, by vesicle transport

59
Q

filtration in the capillaries is determined by

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure and blood colloid osmotic pressure

60
Q

CPH is highest at the

A

start of the capillary bed

61
Q

what is CHP

A

blood pressure within the capillaries (capillary hydrostatic pressure, pushing things out)

62
Q

CHP __ fluid __ the bloodstream

A

pushes out

63
Q

BCOP __ fluid __ the bloodstream

A

pulls into

64
Q

BCOP increase when

A

water leaves the blood but solutes left behind

65
Q

what is NFP

A

net filtration pressure, difference between CHP and BCOP

66
Q

when NFP is positive __ occurs

A

filtration

67
Q

when NFP is negative __ occurs

A

reabsorption

68
Q

when CHP = BCOP __ occurs

A

no net movement, still movement in and out but this is equal

69
Q

diffusion in capillaries are determined by

A

concentration gradient, solubility, size

70
Q

what molecules can diffuse through capillaries

A

lipid soluble, small non-lipid soluble (pass through pores), large non-lipid soluble (with vesicles)

71
Q

when CHP is less than BCOP, the net filtration pressure is __ and __ occurs

A

negative, reabsorption

72
Q

veins have __ walls than arteries and __ smooth muscle than arteries

A

thinner, less

73
Q

veins are __ compliance vessels

A

high

74
Q

elastic arteries are __ compliance vessels

A

high

75
Q

veins are highly distensible meaning

A

they can change their volume easily

76
Q

stopping bleeding involves which three steps

A

vascular, platelet and coagulation phase

77
Q

what happens in the vascular phase of stopping bleeding

A

vascular spasm, vessel constricts to reduce blood flow

78
Q

what happens in the platelet phase of stopping bleeding

A

platelets adhere to site of injury, then aggregate and clump

79
Q

what happens in the coagulation phase of stopping bleeding

A

fibrous blood clot is formed

80
Q

what do platelets do

A

clump together and stick to damaged blood vessel walls, release chemicals to trigger blood clotting

81
Q

what do white blood cells do

A

defend against pathogens and toxins

82
Q

what do red blood cells do

A

carry oxygen bound to haemoglobin

83
Q

where does the sympathetic pathway originate

A

in the cardioacceleratory centre

84
Q

where does the parasympathetic pathway originate

A

in the cardioinhibitory centre

85
Q

nerves innervate these parts of the heart

A

SA node, ventricular myocardium (mostly sympathetic), atrial myocardium

86
Q

what does noradrenaline do when it binds to b-adrenergic receptors at the SA node

A

reduces the resting repolarisation of the cells making cells reach threshold faster = more action potentials and heart rate increases

87
Q

what does noradrenaline do when it binds to b-adrenergic receptors at the ventricular and atrial myocardium, in the context of contraction and relaxation

A

b-adrenergic receptor activation increase amount of force created in contractions, chambers contract stronger and faster, speeds up calcium cycling so they both relax faster. stroke volume increases

88
Q

what does release of ACh do to the heart

A

potassium channels open

89
Q

what does K+ channel activation due to ACh do at the SA node

A

hyperpolarises the nodal cells making them reach threshold slower = fewer action potentials and heart rate decreases

90
Q

what does K+ channel activation due to ACh do at the atrial myocardium

A

atria contract less, less filing of ventricles, stroke volume decreases

91
Q

minimal ___ innervation to the ventricles

A

parasympathetic

92
Q

most blood vessels don’t have __ input

A

parasympathetic

93
Q

what is a change in blood pressure detected by

A

arterial pressure receptors

94
Q

what is postural hypotension

A

low blood pressure due to change in posture (lying down to standing up). when lying down gravity has a minimal effect on pressure as all blood vessels are at a similar height compared to the heart

95
Q

if you stand suddenly after lying down

A

lower Venous return due to blood pooling in legs, lower stroke volume, reduced cardiac output, blood pressure drops (hypotension)

96
Q

what happens to sympathetic and parasympathetic systems during postural hypotension

A

increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic

97
Q

what do responses of nervous systems to postural hypotension result in

A

increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, cardiac output to restore blood pressure

98
Q

to meet the increased metabolic demand during exercise, what must increase

A

cardiac output

99
Q

what increases heart rate and cardiac output during exercise

A

Increased sympathetic activity to the SA node,

100
Q

what increases stroke volume during exercise

A

increased sympathetic activity to the ventricle

101
Q

the cardiac cycle becomes __ during exercise due to

A

shorter, diastole shortening as the heart relaxes faster, diastole and systole become equal

102
Q

increased venous return during exercise __ increases stroke volume through increased ventricular filling and __ through the frank-starling mechanism (increased force of ventricular contraction)

A

directly, indirectly

103
Q

what is the formula for cardiac output

A

heart rate x stroke volume

104
Q

increased CO2 causes

A

vasodilation

105
Q

decreased CO2 causes

A

vasoconstriction

106
Q

is blood flow increased or decreased to the skin with sympathetic activity

A

increased

107
Q

during exercise, is TPR increased or decreased

A

decreased

108
Q

during exercise, does MABP increase or decrease

A

decrease

PHSL101 (10 decks)

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