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PHSL101 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

when do males go through puberty

A

9-19

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2
Q

when do females go through puberty

A

8-19

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3
Q

how many primary oocytes are females born with

A

1 million

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4
Q

do all oocytes develop from primary to tertiary

A

no, all develop to secondary, only one to tertiary when it is released

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5
Q

what happens in the follicular phase and how long does it last

A

day 0-14, tertiary oocyte develops into a follicle

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6
Q

what happens on day 14 of the cycle

A

ovulation

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7
Q

what happens in the luteal phase and how long does it last

A

corpus luteum develops and matures, corpus albicans forms if not fertilisation, 14-28 days

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8
Q

what hormone does the hypothalamus release for the female system

A

GnRH

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9
Q

what hormones do the anterior pituitary produce in the female system

A

FSH, LH, these effect the ovaries

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10
Q

what does FSH stimulate in the female system

A

the development of the follicle

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11
Q

what does LH stimulate in the female system

A

the corpus luteum to form, mature and release progesterone, inhibin and oestrogen (mainly progesterone)

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12
Q

what happens to GnRH around day 14

A

frequency of pulsatile release highly increases

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13
Q

what does an increase GnRH level cause

A

spike in LH and increase in FSH

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14
Q

what does a spike in LH trigger

A

ovulation

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15
Q

what does FSH stimulate in females

A

granulose cells to produce estrogen

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16
Q

what cells do LH stimulate in females and what is the effect

A

theca cells to produce progesterone

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17
Q

progesterone stays high until __ doesn’t occur, and then drops

A

fertilisation

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18
Q

in the first half of the cycle, what negative feedback systems are working

A

estrogen and inhibin feed back to inhibit release of FSH and oestrogen feeds back to inhibit the release of LH

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19
Q

what positive feedback systems are working to inhibit in the second half of the cycle

A

oestrogen feeds back to inhibit FSH release, inhibin feeds back to inhibit release of LH, progesterone feeds back to inhibit release of GnRH

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20
Q

what systems stimulate release of LH in the second half of the ovulation cycle

A

high oestrogen stimulates the release of LH, this causes the peak in LH just before ovulation

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21
Q

what kind of feedback exists in the first half of the cycle

A

negative

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22
Q

what kind of feedback exists in the second half of the cycle

A

positive

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23
Q

what occurs in the menstrual phase

A

bleeding

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24
Q

what occurs in the proliferative and secretory phase

A

building up of the uterine wall ready for implantation of a fertilised oocyte

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25
Q

when does the proliferative phase start

A

day 7

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26
Q

what are the two cycles called

A

ovarian and menstrual cycle

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27
Q

what does low progesterone due to lack of fertilisation cause

A

menstruation

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28
Q

what system does birth control use to stop oocytes being released

A

negative feedback, oestrogen and progesterone feed back to tell the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary not to release GnRH or FSH so an oocyte is not released

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29
Q

what is amenorrhea

A

absence of first period by 15 yrs, absence of menstruation for more than 3 months

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30
Q

what is oligomenorrhoea

A

9 or less periods in 12 months

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31
Q

what is exercise induced amenorrhea and oligomenorrhoea common in

A

endurance training, middle and long distance training, triathletes, ballet dancers, gymnasts

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32
Q

what is exercise induced amenorrhea and oligomenorrhoea caused by in the body

A

no LH surge (GnRH pulses lost), no estrogens or progesterones, failure of the hypothalamus-anterior pituitary-gonad axis, decreased body weight

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33
Q

how much exercise can cause exercise induced amenorrhea and oligomenorrhoea

A

16km run 5 days per week & 3.5 hrs per day playing tennis/cycling/volleyball etc

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34
Q

what are the causes of exercise induced amenorrhea and oligomenorrhoea

A

insufficient calorie intake, low body fat mass (fat cells produce estrogens), psychological and physical stress of exercise (cortisol release inhibits GnRH

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35
Q

what is in the female triad

A

calorie deficit, low bone density, menstrual dysfunction

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36
Q

when does menopause occur

A

when a woman has gone through 12 consecutive months without a period

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37
Q

estrogen __ in menopause

A

decreases

38
Q

what is the progression to make sperm

A

spermatogonium, spermatocytes, spermatids, sperm

39
Q

what cells do LH effect

A

leydig cells

40
Q

what does LH stimulate in males

A

release of testosterone from leydig cells

41
Q

what does FSH stimulate in males

A

support of spermatogenesis

42
Q

what cells do FSH have an effect on in males

A

sertoli cells (nurse cells)

43
Q

in males, there is a pulse of GnRH every __ mins

A

30, this is constant unlike females

44
Q

what stops the release of FSH in males

A

inhibin negatively feeding back to the anterior pituitary

45
Q

what stops the release of GnRH in males

A

testosterone negatively feeding back to the hypothalamus

46
Q

what do sertoli cells control

A

seminiferous local environment

47
Q

what effect does FSH have on Sertoli cells to control the seminiferous local environment

A

creates growth factors , also creates androgen binding protein which concentrates testosterone in seminiferous tubules, high local testosterone supports spermatogenesis

48
Q

what hormones are needed for sperm production

A

FSH and testosterone

49
Q

__ cells use __ to move non-functional sperm in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules in the testes to the epididymis for maturation

A

myoid, peristalsis

50
Q

how long does sperm maturation take

A

2-4 weeks

51
Q

where are sperm produced

A

in the seminiferous tubules of the testes

52
Q

what does seminal fluid do

A

makes sperm mobile, provide nutrients (fructose) for sperm mobility, neutralise acidic environment of urethra and vagina

53
Q

what does the prostatic fluid do

A

neutralise acidic environment, antibiotic

54
Q

what does bulbs-urethral glands make

A

mucus to neutralise acidic environment, lubrication of penis tip

55
Q

what is the ejaculatory volume

A

2.5mL with 20-100 million spermatozoa/mL

56
Q

do genital arteries dilate or constrict during arousal

A

dilate

57
Q

is arousal parasympathetic or sympathetic nerve activity

A

parasympathetic

58
Q

is orgasm parasympathetic ror sympathetic nerve activity

A

sympathetic

59
Q

what is the ejaculatory pathway in males and the sperm pathway in the females

A

epidermis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, vagina, cervix, uterus, uterine tube

60
Q

how effective are the barrier contraceptive method, condoms

A

85-98%, also protect against STIs

61
Q

what is the difference in hormone decline during old age in males and females

A

testosterone decline in males is gradual, oestrogen decline in females is dramatic

62
Q

what is the sex hormone production path

A

cholesterol-testosterone-estrogen

63
Q

where is testosterone produced in females

A

adrenal glands, ovaries, fat cells

64
Q

where are estrogens produced in males

A

testes, adrenal gland, fat cells

65
Q

estrogens important in __ density

A

bone

66
Q

low oestrogen in females and low testosterone in males results in __ loss

A

bone, as testosterone is converted to estrogens, low estrogens = bone loss

67
Q

less bone mass is called

A

osteoporosis

68
Q

puberty causes increase in

A

height

69
Q

testosterone increases length of __ finger during foetal development

A

ring, it has more receptors to recognise testosterone

70
Q

testosterone in the womb alters __ length

A

bone

71
Q

how do hormones change body composition in males

A

more testosterone leads to increased lean muscle mass, has a direct effect on muscle increase GH-IGF-1 axis (can stimulate liver to make more IGF-1 which causes muscle growth)

72
Q

how do hormones change body composition in females

A

increase fat mass

73
Q

what effect does testosterone have on RBCs

A

increases them for better O2 transport

74
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

fatty deposits in arteries putting them at risk for blockage as it reduces radius

75
Q

which hormone protects against atherosclerosis

A

estrogen, it makes it be deposited on thigh, hips and bum

76
Q

what advantages does testosterone have in sport

A

increased strength, speed and endurance due to increased O2 capacity

77
Q

what percentage advantage does testosterone provide in speed

A

10%

78
Q

what percentage advantage does testosterone provide in strength

A

25-30%

79
Q

what percentage advantage does testosterone provide in endurance

A

10-12%

80
Q

what is the prevalence of PCOS in the normal and athlete female population

A

3-10%, 30%

81
Q

what is PCOS associated with an increase in

A

androgen levels

82
Q

what effect does PCOS have on oocyte maturation

A

oocyte never reaches tertiary development stage so no ovulation occurs

83
Q

why is PCOS likely higher represented in athletes

A

as it is caused by higher testosterone levels which are also likely to make you good at sport

84
Q

what are anabolic androgenic steroids

A

most widely used doping in sport, looks very similar to testosterone so can binds to its receptors

85
Q

what is the risk of legal sports supplements

A

they may contain illegal substances such as AAS without it being listed on ingredients

86
Q

what are some side effects of AAS abuse

A

reproductive problems, liver problems (high cholesterol, fatty liver), CVS problems (hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart attacks), muscle and skeletal problems (increased muscle tears/damage), skin problems (acne, oily skin, male pattern baldness), kidney disease, psychiatric problems (aggression, depression)

87
Q

what are the reproductive issues caused by AAS abuse

A

changes in or cessation of menstrual cycle, infertility, shrinking of testicles, azoospermia (absence of sperm in semen)

88
Q

why does increased testosterone due to AAS abuse make males infertile

A

it negatively feeds back to inhibit release of GnRH from hypothalamus, if use is prolonged hypothalamus forgets its job so even if AAS use is ceased there is not enough hormones to make testosterone and infertility occurs

89
Q

why does increased testosterone due to AAS abuse make females infertile

A

it negatively feeds back to inhibit GnRH release from hypothalamus, decreased LH and FSH, LH surge doesn’t happen so ovulation doesn’t happen and she is infertile

90
Q

what are theca cells

A

on the outside of the tertiary oocytes

PHSL101 (10 decks)

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