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PHSL101 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

why do we need hormones

A

homeostasis, metabolism, growth and development, body defences (immunity and stress response), reproduction, sleep

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2
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical messengers

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3
Q

what are hormones made of

A

amino acids or cholesterol

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4
Q

what are the three ways hormones can travel

A

travel in blood, dissolved in plasma, bound to a carrier protein

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5
Q

hormones have what type of receptors

A

specific

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6
Q

what happens after a hormone has served its purpose

A

it is removed, broken down and recycled or excreted in sweat or urine

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7
Q

what are some ways hormones can be monitored

A

non-invasive skin patch to detect hormones in sweat, urine testing in sport

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8
Q

what are the two main chemical classifications of hormones

A

water-soluble and lipid-soluble

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9
Q

what are molecular forms of water-soluble hormones

A

some amines, peptides and proteins

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10
Q

what are molecular forms of lipid-soluble hormones

A

some amines, steroids

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11
Q

how are water-soluble hormones transported in the blood

A

dissolved

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12
Q

how are lipid-soluble hormones transported in the blood

A

bound to carrier proteins

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13
Q

where are water-soluble hormones’ receptors found

A

in the cell membrane

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14
Q

where are lipid-soluble hormone receptors found

A

intracellular

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15
Q

protein in diet makes what type of hormones

A

water-soluble

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16
Q

cholesterol in diet makes what type of hormones

A

lipid-soluble

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17
Q

what is the action mechanism of water-soluble hormones

A

activates 2nd messenger which amplifies hormone response, binding of this triggers other existing messengers like dominoes of events, switch proteins on and off that were already present

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18
Q

what is the action mechanism of lipid-soluble hormones

A

alteration of gene transcription (to make new proteins)

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19
Q

which type of hormones are good for fast, acute responses

A

water-soluble

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20
Q

which type of hormones are good for slow, long-lasting responses

A

lipid-soluble

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21
Q

what is the neural link to the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

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22
Q

where are the cell bodies of neurons involved in the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

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23
Q

where are the axons of neurons involved in the endocrine system

A

posterior pituitary gland

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24
Q

where are hormones made

A

in the hypothalamus

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25
Q

where are hormones stored

A

axon terminals in posterior pituitary

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26
Q

what causes hormone release from posterior pituitary

A

action potentials

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27
Q

what is the connection from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary

A

axon connection

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28
Q

what is the connection from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

A

blood vessel connection

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29
Q

releasing/inhibitory hormones are made in the __ and travel in the __ to affect anterior pituitary cells to release or inhibit release of anterior pituitary hormones

A

hypothalamus, blood

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30
Q

what are the growth hormones and where are they released from

A

GHRH from hypothalamus, growth hormone from anterior pituitary, IGF-1 from liver

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31
Q

where are growth hormones target cells

A

liver, skeletal muscle and adipose

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32
Q

what stimulates the release of the growth hormone axis

A

sleep and exercise

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33
Q

what connection does growth hormone axis use

A

blood vessel connection to anterior pituitary

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34
Q

the hypothalamus produce what hormones from the growth axis

A

GHRH (releasing), GHIH (inhibiting)

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35
Q

what are the effects of growth hormone

A

breakdown of fats/carbs to increase blood energy sources (fatty acids and glucose) fuel for cells to grow and divide, causes liver cells to release IGF-1

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36
Q

what is the effect of IGF-1

A

promotes growth of tissues, takes in glucose for energy to grow

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37
Q

how is IGF-1 like insulin

A

stimulates receptors to cause cells to intake glucose

38
Q

what are the three ways in which growth hormone axis is stopped

A

GHIH in the hypothalamus, GH release negatively feeding back to hypothalamus, IGF-1 release negatively feeding back to anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

39
Q

where are IGF-1 target cells

A

all body cells

40
Q

what is TRH

A

thyrotropin releasing hormone

41
Q

what is TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

42
Q

where is TSH released from

A

anterior pituitary

43
Q

what stimulates the release of TRH from the hypothalamus

A

exercise, cold stress

44
Q

which cells do thyroid hormone affect

A

most body cells

45
Q

what effect does thyroid hormone have and how does it have these effects

A

increase metabolic rate, increase growth and development because it helps cells make ATP and build proteins faster, helps cells repair, grow and divide

46
Q

how is thyroid hormone release stopped

A

negative feedback of thyroid hormone and TSH, remove the stimulus of cold or exercise

47
Q

what are three ways the body deals with stress

A

makes fuel available for cells to use, ensures blood pressure is high enough, maintains ECF osmolarity

48
Q

what is CRH

A

corticotropin releasing hormone

49
Q

what is ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropin hormone

50
Q

where are the adrenal glands

A

sitting on top of the kidneys

51
Q

what stimulates the corticotropin axis

A

day/night rhythm, stress

52
Q

are cortisol levels higher at day or night

A

day

53
Q

what are the target cells for cortisol

A

muscle, fat, liver cells

54
Q

what are the effects of cortisol

A

protein breakdown and glucose uptake in muscles, fat breakdown and glucose uptake in fat cells, glucose synthesis in liver cells, helps maintain normal blood pressure, increases immunity

55
Q

how to stop cortisol release

A

remove the stress stimulus (can’t remove the day/night one), negative feedback of cortisol and ACTH

56
Q

what pathway does the ADH hormone use

A

hypothalamus, posterior pituitary

57
Q

what stimulates ADH release

A

dehydration (high ECF osmolarity, osmoreceptor stimulation in hypothalamus), stress

58
Q

what are the target cells of ADH

A

kidneys, blood vessels, hypothalamus

59
Q

what are the effects of ADH in the kidneys

A

stimulate reabsorption of water, increases blood volume, increases blood pressure

60
Q

what are the effects of ADH in the hypothalamus

A

affects CRH and ACTH, increased cortisol release, increases blood pressure

61
Q

what are the effects of ADH in the blood vessels

A

vasoconstriction, increases blood pressure

62
Q

what is the risk of prolonged increased cortisol levels

A

high blood pressure leads to issues

63
Q

what stops ADH release

A

remove the stimulus by increasing hydration and reducing stress, ECF osmolarity returns to normal which feeds back to osmoreceptors

64
Q

is noradrenaline a hormone or a neurotransmitter

A

both

65
Q

what stimulates adrenaline release

A

stress and exercise

66
Q

where is adrenaline released from

A

hypothalamic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the adrenal medulla to release adrenaline

67
Q

when adrenaline is released a small amount of __ is also released

A

noradrenaline

68
Q

where in the adrenal gland is cortisol released from

A

the cortex

69
Q

where in the adrenal gland is adrenaline released from

A

the medulla

70
Q

what are the target cells of adrenaline

A

lungs and airways, heart, blood vessels, liver, skeletal muscle, adipose

71
Q

what are the effects of adrenaline

A

increased rate of breathing and airway dilation, increased heart rate and strength of contraction, increased blood pressure (vasoconstriction), increased glycogen breakdown and glucose synthesis in the liver, increased glycogen breakdown in skeletal muscle, increased fatty acid mobilisation in adipose

72
Q

how is the release of adrenaline stopped

A

remove the stress, stop exercising, be calm and relax

73
Q

is cortisol a long or short term response and what type of hormones are involved

A

long term, slow response that lasts hours to days, lipid-soluble

74
Q

is adrenaline a long or short term response and what type of hormones are involved

A

short term, fast response that lasts seconds to minutes, water-soluble

75
Q

what three hormone axes are involved in the stress response

A

CRH-ACTH-cortisol, adrenaline, ADH

76
Q

what are catecholamines

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

77
Q

what are adrenergic receptors

A

receptors that are stimulated by catecholamines

78
Q

what are the two receptors the adrenaline can bind to

A

alpha and beta, there are different responses when it binds to each

79
Q

what is an example of something with both alpha and beta receptors that have different responses

A

blood vessels, vasoconstriction and vasodilation

80
Q

what do adrenergic agonists do

A

mimic adrenaline, chemicals that stimulate or increase function of adrenergic receptors

81
Q

what do adrenergic antagonists do

A

block or inhibit function of adrenergic receptors

82
Q

what are called symapthomimetics

A

adrenergic agonists

83
Q

what is an example of an adrenergic agonist

A

pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, acts on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, decongestant, amphetamine (stimulant), banned in sports

84
Q

what is an example of an adrenergic antagonist

A

propanolol, blocks beta adrenergic receptors, treats abnormal heart rhythm or high blood pressure, athletes use to calm nerves, banned in sports, competes with adrenaline to bind to receptors

85
Q

what is normal blood glucose range

A

4-6mmol/L

86
Q

glucagon is released from __ cells

A

alpha

87
Q

insulin is released from __ cells

A

beta

88
Q

what are the target cells for glucagon

A

liver

89
Q

what are the target cells for insulin

A

liver, skeletal muscle, adipose

90
Q

hormones are chemical signals that travel in the __ to all parts of the body

A

bloodstream

91
Q

what is the connection between the hormonal and neural communication

A

hypothalamus

PHSL101 (10 decks)

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