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Pathophysiology > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Pituitary gland is the ….gland. The anterior lobe is called… and the posterior lobe is called …..

A

master
adenohypophysis
neurohypophysis

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2
Q

Hypothalamus has two hormones that are moderated by the pituitary gland ultimately.

A

hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting

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3
Q

Hormones of the pituitary do what?

A

stimulate other endocrine glands

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4
Q

Secretion of hormones may be controlled by ….mechanism.

A

more than one

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5
Q

Aldosterone secretion can be stimulated by….

A

ACTH
Angiotensin II
low levels of Na
high levels of K

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6
Q

Aldosterone secretion can be inhibited by…

A

ANP
high levels of Na
low levels of K

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7
Q

ANP is produced when? and what does it do?

A

in response to high atrial BP

reduces reabsorption of sodium and water

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8
Q

Hormones that work antagonistically

A

insulin and glucagon

parathyroid and calcitonin

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9
Q

Rate and timing of secretion of thyroid?
estrogen?
cortisol?

A

constant
cyclic
fluctuate

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10
Q

Hormones are?

A

primary chemical messengers

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11
Q

Examples of derivatives of tyrosine?

A

thyroid hormone
norepinephrine and noradrenaline
dopamine

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12
Q

Examples of derivatives of peptides?

A

insulin
glucagon
ADH

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13
Q

Examples of derivatives of steroids?

A

glucocorticoids
aldosterone
sex hormones

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14
Q

What can cause an excess of hormone levels?

A

benign tumor
hyperplasia
congenital defect of gland
excretion by kidney is impaired

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15
Q

If there is a reduced action of the hormone, then there is a reduced effect; what are some examples?

A

target cell insensitivity
type 2 diabetes
diabetes insipidus -nephrogenic

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16
Q

Diagnostic tests for endocrine disorders

A 
serum hormone levels
urine
indirect test for specific hormone action
gland stimulation or suppression tests
lesion tests
biopsy
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17
Q

Deficit hormone conditions may be treated with ….
Excessive hormone conditions may be treated with…
Which one is harder to treat?

A

replacement therapy
medications, surgery, radiation
excessive

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18
Q

PTH regulates blood levels of…

A

calcium

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19
Q

Kidneys can act on phosphate as a result of PTH. How? and what does it do to Ca levels?

A

decreases phosphate

increases calcium

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20
Q

Hypoparathyroidism leads to..

causes…

A 
hypocalcemia 
tumor
surgery or radiation in neck
autoimmune disease
congenital lack of parathyroid glands
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21
Q

Effects of hypocalcemia

A

weak cardiac contractions

spontaneous contractions of skeletal muscle

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22
Q

Complete absence of PTH causes …

A

death from hypocalcemic tetany

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23
Q

Two signs of hypocalcemia?

What are they?

A

Chvosteck’s sign- spasm of lip or face when face is tapped in front of ear
Trousseau’s sign- atypical contraction of fingers when BP cuff blocks circulation

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24
Q

Hyperparathyroidism causes… and results in …

What are the causes of it?

A

increased calcium release from bone (osteoporosis)
hypercalcemia
tumor
secondary to renal failure

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25
Q

What are the effects of hypercalcemia?

A

forceful cardiac contractions
depressed NM activity
predisposition to kidney stones

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26
Q

Why does renal failure cause hyperthryoidism?
decreased clearance of phosphate–>
decreased activation of vitamin D–>

A

decreased Ca –> increased PTH

decreased calcium –> increased PTH

27
Q

Calcitonin is made by…

It decreases …. in blood by ….

A

thyroid gland
Ca
inhibits Ca release from bone and resporption in kidneys

28
Q

Most common cause of pituitary disorders?
Effect on hormone secretion?
Effect on mass?

A

adenomas
may cause excessive or decreased release of hormones
may cause pressure inthe skull

29
Q

Growth hormone aka

A

somatotropin

30
Q

GH acts on target tissues….

A

directly and indirectly

31
Q

GH directly ….

indirectly…

A

stimulates postnatal longitudinal growth like bone and cartilage

increases production of insulin like GF by a variety of tissues

32
Q 
Acromegaly is ...
often associated with...
bones become ... and .... 
soft tissues....
hands and feet...
skull...
facial features...
A 
excess GH
adenoma
broader and heavier
grow
enlarge
thickens
change
33
Q

ADH does what?

A

reabsorbs water in kidney tubules and collecting ducts

vasoconstricts

34
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

inability of kidney to conserve water
deficit of ADH
lack of sugar in urine

35
Q

Types of diabetes insipidus

A

central

nephrogenic

36
Q

Central diabetes insipidus

nephrogenic

A

ADH production is inhibited
Can be hypothalamic or originate in posterior pituitary

kidney tubules do not respond to ADH
may be hereditary or acquired

37
Q

Main signs of polyurea in DI?

Treatment?

A

thirst, large volumes of diluted urine

replacement of ADH for central only

38
Q

ADH retention is triggered by…

A

stress or secreted by tumor

39
Q

Signs of inappropriate ADH

A

severe hyponatremia which leads to cerebral edema

40
Q

Thyroid gland is stimulated by ….

This hormone produces ….

A

TSH
thyroxine (T4)
triiodothyronin (T3)

41
Q

Receptors for thyroid hormones are … and expressed in virtually all tissues. They affect …. through … and …
They are essential for … and …
They control ….

A 
intracellular 
every cell and organ in the body
genomic effects 
non-genomic effects (Ca pump, Na/H pump)
normal growth and development
rate of metabolism
42
Q

Goiter is …

Caused by….

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland

hypothyroid or hyperthyroid

43
Q

Endemic goiter is a … condition in regions with low iodine in food.
There are low levels of .. and … , so stimulates production of TSH which results in.. and …

A

hypothyroid
T4 and T3
thyroid hyperplasia and hypertrophy

44
Q

Toxic goiter is a …
It results in … of thyroid gland.
Present in … disease

A

hyperthyroid
hyperactivity of thyroid gland
graves

45
Q

Graves disease results in …

Treatment includes…

A

exophthalmos
radioactive iodine
surgical removal of thyroid
antithyroid drugs

46
Q

Hypothyroidism is when there is an … deficiency, a …., surgical removal or treatment of the gland and/or …. disorder.

A

iodine
tumor
autoimmune

47
Q

Example of autoimmune disorder that causes hypothyroidism

A

hasimotos
myxedema
cretinism

48
Q

Adrenal cortex produces

A

adrenocorticosteroids and androgens

49
Q

Adrenocorticosteroid examples

A

mineralocorticoids

glucocorticoids

50
Q

Mineralcorticoid example

A

aldosterone

51
Q

Glucocorticoid example

A

cortisol and cortisone

52
Q

Adrenal medulla hormones

A

epinephrine

norepinephrine

53
Q

Cushings syndrome caused by …

May result from …, …, …

A

excessive levels of glucocorticoids
pituitary adenoma
adrenal adenoma
iatrogenic conditions

54
Q

Cushings syndrome is characterized by…

A 
catabolic effects
metabolic changes
retention of sodium and water 
suppression of immune response
suppression of inflammatory response
55
Q

Catabolic effects of cushings?

Metabolic?

A

osteoporosis
decreased protein synthesis

increase in gluconeogenesis
insulin resistance

56
Q

Addisons disease is a deficiency of …

A

adrenocoritcosteroid hormones: mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens

57
Q

Addisons is due to

A

adrenal gland deficiency

58
Q

Hypoparathyroidism turns into….

Hypocalcemia affects … and … function. Some signs are … and …

A

Hypocalcemia
nerves and muscle function
Trousseau’s and Chvostek’s sign

59
Q

Hyperparathyroidism symptoms are usually in … and the symptoms are related to ….

A

women

release of bone calcium into blood stream which leads to bone damage, hypercalcemia and kidney damage

60
Q

In hyperparathyroidism, bones become so.. that pathologic fractures occur easily from ….

A

fragile

kyphosis

61
Q

Pituitary adenomas usually are ….
They cause pressure in the …
Untreated destroy …. called…

A

benign
skull
all types of cells
panhypopituitarism

62
Q

Acromegaly can lead to …. and …

These people usually have comorbidities of …, … and …

A

carpal tunnel syndrome and arthritis

diabetes, hypertension, CV disease

63
Q

Endemic goiter is a … condition. It affects those with low … levels.
Goitrogens are foods that ….
Examples
Toxic goiter can be secondary to …

A 
hypothyroid
iodine 
may block elements of synthesis of T3 and T4 but increase TSH
cabbage, turnips, lithium, fluoride
excessive stimulation of TSH
64
Q

Hyperthyroidism is aka
Occurs in women over age…
…component
Symptoms

A

Graves disease
30
autoimmune
hypermetabolism, toxic goiter, exophthalmos

Pathophysiology (20 decks)

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