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Pathophysiology > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

Among other things, the urinary system regulates BP through…. , secretes …. and activates ….

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
erythropoietin
vitamin D

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2
Q

What two structures make up the nehpron?

A

renal corpuscle

renal tubule

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3
Q

Renal corpuscle does what? It is made up of 2 things?

Renal tubule is made up of what three things?

A

filtration unit of blood
glomerulus and bowmans capsule

proximal convoluted tubules, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubules

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4
Q

Starlings law for filtration says…

A

amount of fluid filtered across capillary is proportional to net filtration pressure (which is a combo of fluid’s hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure)

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5
Q

GFR=
This is the ….. of kidney function.
Calculated from amount of …. in 24 hour urine or by using special markers intravenously.
Determined by 3 things….

A 
glomerular filtration rate
volume of plasma filtered through glomerular capillary wall per unit of time. 
best estimation 
waste product (creatinine) 
glomerular hydrostatic pressure (mainly)
glomerular osmotic pressure
bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
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6
Q

GFR is controlled by BP in … and … arterioles of the glomerulus. It is regulated by … and …. of arterioles.

Maintenance of normal filtration is possible …. in systemic BP.

A

afferent and efferent
constriction and dilation

regardless of fluctuations

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7
Q

3 factors control arteriolar constriction

A

renal autoregulation
sympathetic nervous system
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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8
Q

Renal autoregulation is the local reflex to adjust ….

This happens in response to changes in ….

A

diameter of arterioles

blood flow in kidneys

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9
Q

Sympathetic nervous system increases…. in both arterioles.
This is in response to ….

A

vasoconstriction

BP drop due to loss of ECF volume

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10
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is aimed at …

A

increasing BP and blood flow

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11
Q

Renin is secreted by …. cells in response to…

A

juxtaglomerular cells

reduced blood flow to afferent arteriole

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12
Q

Aldosterone is secreted from …. stimulated by ….

It increases ….

A

adrenal cortex
angiotensin II
reabsorption of sodium and water to increase BV

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13
Q

ADH is secreted by …

It increases…

A

pituitary gland

reabsorption of water in distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts by altering their permeability

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14
Q

ANP is made by …

It reduces…

A

atrium

sodium and fluid reabsorption in distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts

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15
Q

Cloudy urine may indicate …
Dark color may indicate…
Unpleasant or unusual color may indicate..

A

presence of large amounts of protein, bacteria and pus

hematuria, excessive bilirubin or highly concentrated urine

infection or result from certain dietary components or medication

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16
Q

Small amts of blood in urine can be from…

Large amts can be from..

A

infection, inflammation, tumors

increased glomerular permeability or hemorrhage

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17
Q

Urinary casts consist of …

They indicate…

A

tubules, cells, bacteria

inflammation of kidney tubules

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18
Q

Specific gravity indicates …

If there is low specific gravity=

A

ability of tubules to concentrate urine

dilute urine with normal hydration could mean renal failure

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19
Q

Glucose and ketones in urine is found when..

A

diabetes mellitus is not well controlled

20
Q

Blood tests look at … and … for kidney function.

A

urea (BUN) and creatinine

21
Q

Elevated levels of urea and creatinine indicate …

due to …

A

failure to excrete nitrogen wastes (azotemia)

decreased GFR

22
Q

Creatinine is a breakdown of …. from muscles.
It is produces … in the body.
It is a ….molecule.
… and …. in tubules or from capillaries into tubules is negligent.

A 
creatine
constantly
small
reabsorption
secretion
23
Q

GFR cannot be measured …..
For approximation …. is measured.
Measured elimination of …. corresponds to GFR.

A

directly
elimination of a substance
of such substance

24
Q

Creatinine clearance and GFR is a ratio of

A

creatinine level in urine vs blood

25
Q

Other blood tests for kidney function…

A 
elevated renin levels
low hemoglobin
low pH, low bicarbonate
electrolytes 
antibody levels
26
Q

When there are low renin levels this indicates….
When there is low hemoglobin this indicates…
When there is low pH and/or bicarbonate this indicates… and means the body has gone into ….

A

kidney as cause of HBP
anemia, decreased erythropoietin secretion
failure of tubules to control acid-base balance
metabolic acidosis

27
Q

Electrolytes may …. indicating retention of water or they may … indicating inability to reabsorb water.

A

decrease

increase

28
Q

Antibody levels measure which two?

They are used for diagnosis of …

A

anti -streptolysin O or anti-streptokinase titers

post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

29
Q

Cystoscopy

A

visualizes lower urinary tract
may be used in performing biopsy
may be used to remove kidney stones

30
Q

Causes of decrease in GFR can be due to damage of …. by ….of glomerular basement membrane leading to scarring. This scarring can be from ….
Basement membrane can also be scarred in the … which is called. …

A 
surface area available for filtration
thickening 
diabetic glomerulosclerosis 
renal corpuscle 
focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
31
Q

Causes of decrease in GFR can also be due to reduction in …
This decline happens much more rapidly in people with …. due to …
Protein in the filtrate causes … and … in renal tubules with subsequent nephron loss.

A

number of nephrons
chronic kidney failure
proteinuria
inflammation and scarring

32
Q

Examples of upper UTIs?
Lower UTIs?
Common cause

A

pyelonephritis
cystitis
urethritis
E. coli

33
Q

In cystitis the …. and … are inflamed.

A

bladder wall and urethra

34
Q

In pyelonephritis the infection in the bladder or urethra goes to ….
… and … are involved.
Purulent exudate fills the … which ….
Recurrent or chronic infection can lead to … and ….
Eventual chronic renal failure if untreated.

A 
kidney 
Renal pelvis and medulla (tubules)
renal pelvis 
obstructs vessels and urine 
scar tissue formation and tubule function
35
Q

Stones anywhere in urinary tract is called.

A

urolithiasis

36
Q

Glomerulonephritis form…

A

acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

APSGN

37
Q

APSGN affects …
Occurs…
Presence of what antibodies?
Hypersensitivity number..

A 
children 3-7
2 weeks after strep throat
anti-streptolysin O
anti-streptokinase
3
38
Q

Nephrotic syndrome is secondary to … and …

A

renal diseases

systemic diseases

39
Q

Pathophysiology of nephrotic syndrome:
abnormality in glomerular capillaries leads to …. Which causes large amounts of …… to escape in filtrate. So …. is formed with decreased plasma osmotic pressure. There will be increased … in response to reduction in blood volume. …..will occur.

A 
increased permeability
plasma proteins 
hypoalbuminemia 
aldosterone 
lipiduria
40
Q

PKD (polycystic kidney disease) is a …. mutation.

A

autosomal dominant

41
Q

PKD in children is a …. mutation.

A

recessive

42
Q

Acute renal failure due to

A

acute bilateral kidney diseases
severe, prolonged circulatory shock or heart failure
nephrotoxins
mechanical obstruction

43
Q

Acute renal failure is … while chronic is not.

A

reversible

44
Q

In the early phase of chronic renal failure, there is …. and no….
In the second phase there is …. called …. where BUN and creatinine is increased. This phase also is not ….
End stage is called …. and is severe enough to cause symptoms.

A 
decreased renal reserve 
symptoms
renal insufficiency 
azotemia 
severe enough to cause symptoms
uremia (urea in blood)
45
Q

Two forms of dialysis

A

hemodialysis

peritoneal dialysis

Pathophysiology (20 decks)

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