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Epidemiology [By Topic] > 48. Equine encephalomyelitis caused by togaviruses (Zoon.). > Flashcards

48. Equine encephalomyelitis caused by togaviruses (Zoon.). Flashcards

1
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis: Family & Genera

A
  • Family: Togavitidae
  • Genera:
    • Alphavirus
    • Rubivirus
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2
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis: Notable Alphavirus species

A
  • Eastern equine encephalitis virus
  • Western equine encephalitis virus
  • Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
  • Getah virus
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3
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis: Notable Rubivirus genus

A

Rubella virus

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4
Q

Eastern, Western & Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis: Occurrence

A
  • Eastern: Canada; USA (east coast); Central America
  • Western: Canada; USA (west coast); Mexico; S. America
  • Venezuelan: USA (southern); Central & South America
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5
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis: Alphavirus summary

A

NOTIFIABLE & ZOONOTIC DISEASAE

  • Enveloped; ssRNA
  • Weak resistance in the environment
  • Arbovirus - Mosquito transmission
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6
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis: Alphavirus - Affected species

A

Euryxen virus

  • Horse*
  • Human*
  • Donkey
  • Mule
  • Rodents
  • Birds

*Dead-end hosts

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7
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis: Alphavirus - Epizootiology

  • Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis virus
A
  • Bird-Mosquito cycle
  • Long-distance transmission - Bird migration
  • Seasonal epidemics; Weather-related
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8
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis: Alphavirus - Epizootiology

  • Western Equine Encephalomyelitis virus
A
  • Bird-Mosquito-Rodent cycle
  • Dependent on host preference of mosquitos
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9
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis: Alphavirus - Epizootiology

  • Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis virus
A
  • Horse/rodent-Mosquito-Horse/rodent cycle
  • Summer/rainy season
  • Enzoonotic in rodent
  • Epizootic in Eq - CSx & Death
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10
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis: Alphavirus - Pathogenesis

A

Mosquito bite → Regional LN → 1st Viraemia → Viscera → 2nd Viraemia

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11
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis: Alphavirus - Pathogenesis (Transplacental infection)

A

Embryo developmental problems: Hypoplasia; Hydrocephaly

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12
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis: Alphavirus Pathogenesis - The course is dependent on…

A

Age & Dose

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13
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis: Virulence

  • Eastern
  • Western
  • Venezuelan
A
  • Eastern: 75-100%
  • Western: 10-50%
  • Venezuelan: 32-86%
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14
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis: Convalescence

A
  • Life-long immunity
  • Partial cross-protection
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15
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis: Incubation time

A

1-3 Weeks

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16
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis: Forms of CSx

A
  • Peracute
  • Acute/Subacute
  • Chronic
17
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis: CSx (Peracute form)

A
  • Fever
  • Shock
  • Death

within 12 hrs

18
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis: CSx (Acute/subacute form)

A
  • Biphasic fever
  • Initially: Excitement & increased sensitivity
  • Later: Apathy; ↓ Appetite; Icterus
  • Encephalitis; Myelitis
  • Death

Venezuelan: Colic & Diarrhoea too

19
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis: What is significant to recovery?

A

There will be permanent damage to the body

20
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis: Pathology

A

Ø Macroscopic

  • Histopathology:
    • Encephalitis & Myelitis
    • Blood vessel endothelial damage; Thrombosis
21
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis: Dx

A

CSx; Seasonality; Geographic origin

  • Blood sample (PBMC) peripheral blood mononuclear cell; Brain
  • Isolation: Suckling mouse brain; Embryonated egg; Cell culture
  • Direct: RT-PCR; IHC
  • Indirect: Serology: HAI; VN; CF (Complement fixation)
22
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis: DDx (Infectious)

A
  • Rabies
  • Rhinopneumonitis
  • West Nile Virus; Borna; Getah
  • Botulism
23
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis: DDx (Non-infectious)

A
  • Heavy-metal poisoning
  • Plant poisoning
24
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis: Tx

A
  • Supportive therapy
  • Mosquito control
  • Vaccine
    • ​Inactivated; Trivalent
    • Venezuelan: TC38 Strain = Attenuated
25
Q

Equine Encephalomyelitis: Public health

A

ZOONOTIC DISEASE

  • Pregnancy: Abortion; Newborn cerebral necrosis
  • Children: More sensitive; CNS signs
  • Fever; Headache; Nausea; Vomiting
  • Head & Leg Oedema; Cyanosis
  • Convulsions; Paralysis - High mortality

Human vaccine available

Epidemiology [By Topic] (103 decks)

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