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AT 106 > 106 Through Exam 2 > Flashcards

106 Through Exam 2 Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Define flight controls

A

a moveable airfoil that can be manipulated by the pilot

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2
Q

Normal category

A

non acrobatic operations
+3.8 - -1.52 G

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3
Q

Utility

A

limited acrobatic
+4.4 - -1.76

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4
Q

Acrobatic

A

unrestricted
+6 - -3G

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5
Q

Why do positive Gs make you feel heavier

A

centrifugal force acts in the same direction as weight

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6
Q

When is the stability of the aircraft?

A

the time between manipulation of the flight controls

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7
Q

Static stability

A

will the aircraft return if displaced

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8
Q

dynamic stability

A

how the aircraft will return if displaced

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9
Q

What does dihedral do

A

contributes to stability in the roll axis
helps restore wings level

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10
Q

Yaw stability is around what axis

A

vertical

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11
Q

what contributes to yaw stability

A

vertical stabilizer
swept back wings

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12
Q

How do swept back wings help with yaw stability

A

back wing has less frontal area: less lift, less drag
front wing has more frontal area: more lift, more drag

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13
Q

pitch stability is about the ____ axis

A

lateral

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14
Q

Flap which hinges down

A

Split flap

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15
Q

hinge of trailing edge leaves gap between wing and flap

A

slotted

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16
Q

extends out and down
inside wing when retracted

A

Fowler
only wing to increase surface area when deployed

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17
Q

winglets and sharklets do what

A

reduce induced drag

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18
Q

straight taper characteristics

A

CP moves more with AoA
max Cl greater
Cd lower

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19
Q

why is thickness taper combined with planform taper

A

Decreased Cp movement from thickness taper offsets increased cp from planform taper

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20
Q

mean aerodynamic chord

A

way of measuring chord length on non rectangular wings

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21
Q

high wing pros

A

better lift/drag ratio
better lateral stability
shorter landing distance

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22
Q

Low wing pros

A

easier to build
better roll maneuverability (less lateral stability)
shorter take off distance

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23
Q

Tee Tail advantages

A

allows for flow of air over rudder at high AoA
horizontal stabilizer is out of the way of engines
keeps horizontal stabilizer and rudder out of main wing downwash

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24
Q

Vee Tail advantages

A

decreases interference drag
decreases pressure and skin friction by combining “ruddervator”

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25
Why do fighters have two tails?
stabilization in event of damage and reduce the height needed for full flight control
26
What do flying wires do
transmit lift back to fuselage
27
what do landing wires do
transmit downward impact of landing, or negative G loads, on wings back to fuselage
28
what do interplanetary struts do
transmit lift loads and landing loads between top and bottom wings
29
what do cabane struts do
support top section of wing above fuselage and transmit lift loads of wing roots to fuselage
30
what is the Center Section
airfoil shaped section above fuselage to which upper wings attach
31
when does interplanetary interference become a problem
when gap is less than one chord length apart
32
What is decalage (fixed wing)
Angle of difference between upper and lower wings of biplane When one of the wings set to a higher angle of incidence than the other
33
What did the NASA AD-1 demonstrate and who was the designer
an aircraft wing can be pivoted obliquely from zero to sixty degrees in flight Burt Rutan
34
Ruddervator (V tail) advantages
lighter less wetted surface reduced drag increased stealth canted surfaces reflect radar away from surface and engine mounting reduces infrared signature improve safety and cabin noise reduction
35
Ruddervator disadvantages
more complex control system have to be structurally more robust control forces required for operation are higher
36
What is the tandem wing aircraft
both wings left up, no horizontal stabilizer pulling down
37
Tandem wing disadvantages
very difficult pitch stability very limited CoG
38
What type of aircraft did the wright brother's make? (in respect to wings)
biplane canard
39
What's the difference between a tandem and canard
tandem: two full wings Canard: main wings and smaller wings that can only carry 25% of weight
40
Canard characteristics
both wings provide lift (more efficient) canard stalls before main not as stable as conventional aircraft
41
Conventional tail characteristics
best pitch stability Drag from horizontal stabilizer interference drag (tail surfaces to fuselage) Pressure drag from horizontal and vertical stabilizer
42
Flying wing characteristics
no horizontal tail - drastically reduced drag sharp swept back wings for yaw stability
43
What are split rudders
split control at wingtips for rudders
44
What are elevons
ailerons moved inboard and combined with elevators
45
As air approaches the speed of sound...
it becomes compressible
46
What is the mach number
the speed of the aircraft in relation to speed of sound
47
Define Subsonic
any region below transonic
48
define transonic
first evidence of localized sonic or supersonic airflows and begins at critical mach number ends when all flows around aircraft are supersonic
49
Define sonic
speed of sound
50
define supersonic
any speed faster than speed of sound
51
define hypersonic
any speed above Mach 5 where plasma begins to affect the airflow
52
How does drag react in transonic flight
drag rises quickly at Mcrit then drops off when fully supersonic
53
Normal shockwave characteristics
perpendicular to direction flow air slows from supersonic to subsonic pressure, temperature, density increase BEHIND shock air flow direction does not change tremendous drag
54
Oblique shock wave
generated by nose and leading edges shock inclined to flow direction supersonic speed to lower supersonic speed airflow changes directions ACROSS shock pressure, temperature, density increase THROUGH shock creates some drag
55
Supersonic lift
Caused purely by AoA shock produced at leading edge shock going down is stronger than shock going up (pressure jump down is larger than pressure jump up) causes greater pressure under the airfoil
56
describe the supercritical wing
long flat upper camber with downward turn near trailing edge keeps airspeeds constant across wing lowest pressure concentrated around highest camber smaller pressure differentials spread out over bigger area of wing which keeps lift produced the same
57
supersonic aircraft have a _____ overall cross-sectional area and ____ aspect ratio
larger, smaller this creates smooth transitions from wings to fuselage cross-section
58
What is the Whitcomb area rule
essentially a series of tests looking at different factors in order to get reduced drag between Mach ,75 and 1.2
59
Why is wing sweep beneficial when supersonic
keeps wing tips out of the shock waves (if the shock wave contacts the wing tips, airflow over the tips and ailerons can be disrupted)
60
For a helicopter in hover, the forces
are all acting vertically
61
What does the collective stick do (left of pilot)
increases (or decreases) AoA of all main rotor blades together in order to increase lift
62
What does the cyclic stick do (in front of pilot)
changes blade pitch at only one part of rotating cycle tips rotor disk forward and moves helicopter forward
63
Why do helicopter rotors run at a constant rpm
increasing rotor speed to get more lift takes too long (changing pitch is instantaneous) rotor blades need centrifugal force to hold them straight out or lift forces will fold up and break the blades
64
In North America, the main rotor spins ____ as viewed from top
counter clockwise
65
Moving the foot pedals____
changes the pitch of the tail rotor
66
If tail rotor quits, the helicopter____
spins around in a circle in the opposite direction of main rotor
67
what is translating tendency
in a hover, the sideways thrust of the tail rotor tries to drag the helicopter sideways - if uncorrected, drifts to right

AT 106 (3 decks)

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