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Pathology > Cellular Accumulation > Flashcards

Cellular Accumulation Flashcards

1
Q

List the Pathways or mechanism of abnormal intracellular

accumulations ?

A

1) A normal substance produced at a normal or an increased rate,
but the metabolic rate is inadequate to remove it.
(2) A normal or an abnormal endogenous substance accumulates
because of genetic or acquired defects in its transport, or
secretion.
(3)An abnormal exogenous substance is deposited and
accumulates because the cell has neither the enzymatic
machinery to degrade the substance nor the ability to
transport it to other sites.

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2
Q

Accumulation of triglycerides: Steatosis (Fatty Change)?

A

Fatty change is the abnormal accumulation of triglycerides inside cells. It is mainly seen in liver, but it is also seen in heart, muscle, and kidney.

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3
Q

Excess accumulation of triglycerides within the hepatocytes occurs when?

A

an imbalance between the uptake, utilization, & secretion of fat by the affected cell.

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4
Q

The causes of steatosis include

A 
Toxins e.g. alcohol
abuse 
 Protein malnutrition, 
 Diabetes mellitus, 
 Obesity, 
 Anoxia/starvation 
 Pregnancy
  Severe anemia
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5
Q

Morphology of ?

liver is enlarged, yellow and greasy.

A

Steatosis

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6
Q 
clear vacuoles in
the cytoplasm  displacing the nucleus
to the periphery of the cell.
Occasionally, cells rupture, and the fat
globules merge, producing a so-called
fatty cysts. The lipid stains orange-
red with Sudan IV or Oil Red-O
stains
A

Steatosis

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7
Q

Steatosis in liver Morphology?

A 
Morphology of Steatosis in liver:
• Gross: In mild cases liver looks
normal. In severe cases liver is
enlarged, yellow and greasy.
• Light microscopy:  clear vacuoles in
the cytoplasm  displacing the nucleus
to the periphery of the cell.
Occasionally, cells rupture, and the fat
globules merge, producing a so-called
fatty cysts. The lipid stains orange-
red with Sudan IV or Oil Red-O
stains
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8
Q

Cholesterol and Cholesteryl Esters accumulation eg?

A

Atherosclerosis and Xanthomas

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9
Q

What is the diagnosis?

atherosclerotic plaques, smooth muscle cells and macrophages within the intimal layer of the aorta and large arteries are filled with lipid vacuoles, cells have a foamy appearance (foam cells),

A

Cholesterol and Cholesteryl Esters accumulation

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10
Q

Diagnosis is?

Clusters of foamy cells are
found in the subepithelial
connective tissue of the skin
and in tendons, producing
masses known..
A

Xanthomas /Cholesterol and Cholesteryl Esters accumulations

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11
Q

Accumulations of
intracellular proteins seen in
certain types of ?

A

Cell injury

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12
Q

Eg of protein accumulation?

A
  1. The Mallory body in liver
    cells in alcoholic liver
    disease .
  2. The kidney glomeruli in chronic diffuse glomerulonephritis
  3. The neurofibrillary protein found in the brain in Alzheimer disease.
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13
Q

Diagnosis is?
The Mallory body in liver
cells in alcoholic liver
disease .

A

Protein accumulation

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14
Q

Diagnosis is?

The kidney glomeruli in chronic diffuse glomerulonephritis

A

Protein accumulation

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15
Q

Diagnosis is ?

The neurofibrillary protein found in the brain in Alzheimer disease.

A

Protein accumulation

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16
Q

Glycogen accumulation eg?

A 
1. In poorly controlled diabetes
mellitus : glycogen accumulates in
renal tubular epithelium, cardiac
myocytes, and β cells of the islets
of Langerhans.
2.glycogen storage diseases: these diseases, enzymatic
defects in the synthesis or
breakdown of glycogen result in
massive accumulation , with
secondary injury and cell death.
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17
Q 
In poorly controlled diabetes
mellitus, glycogen accumulates in
renal tubular epithelium, cardiac
myocytes, and β cells of the islets
of Langerhans.

Diagnosis is?

A

Glycogen accumulation

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18
Q 
enzymatic
defects in the synthesis or
breakdown of glycogen result in
massive accumulation , with
secondary injury and cell death.
A

Glycogen accumulation

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19
Q

Pigments examples and types

A
  1. exogenous pigments:
    pulmonary accumulation of
    carbon, silica, asbestos
    bodies and iron dust.
  2. Endogenous: Lipofuscin, Melanin, 3.Hemosiderin, Bilirubin
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20
Q

pulmonary accumulation of
carbon, silica, asbestos
bodies and iron dust
Diagnosis?

A

exogenous pigments accumulation

21
Q

Is an insoluble brownish-yellow that accumulates in a variety of tissues (particularly the heart, liver, and brain) as a function of age or atrophy.
Diagnosis is?

A

Lipofuscin / Endogenous pigments accumulation

22
Q 
brown-black pigment produced in melanocytes • It is synthesized exclusively
by melanocytes located in
the epidermis and acts as a
screen against harmful
ultraviolet radiation.
A

Melanin / Endogenous pigments accumulation

23
Q

hemoglobin-derived granular pigment that is golden yellow to brown and accumulates in tissues when there is a local or systemic excess of iron.(dietary iron, transfusions, hemolytic anemias)

A

3.Hemosiderin / Endogenous pigments accumulation

24
Q

the normal major pigment found in bile. It is derived from hemoglobin. common clinical disorder caused by excesses of this pigment within cells and tissues

A

Bilirubin / Endogenous pigments accumulation

25
Q

Pathologic Calcification definition?

A

Pathologic calcification is the abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts

26
Q

Types of Pathologic Calcification?

A
  1. Dystrophic calcification: is the deposition of calcium in dead
    or dying tissues; here the serum calcium levels are normal
    and calcium metabolism is normal.
  2. Metastatic calcification: is the deposition of calcium in
    normal and healthy tissue; it is seen in hypercalcemia. The
    serum calcium levels are elevated, and the calcium
    metabolism is abnormal
27
Q

Dystrophic calcification: examples?

A

Seen in areas of necrosis or
damage e.g.

• Blood vessels: in the
atheromas of advanced atherosclerosis
• Heart: in aging or
damaged/scarred heart valves.
• A tuberculous lymph node
can be converted to stone by the calcium.
• In fat necrosis.
28
Q

Metastatic calcification examples?

A 
It is seen mainly in kidneys, lung and
stomach.  It is associated with hypercalcemia. There are four
principal causes of hypercalcemia:
a) Hyperparathyroidism: increased
secretion of parathyroid
hormone b) Destruction of bone in bone
tumors c) Vitamin D
intoxication/hypervitaminosis
D. d) Renal failure (causes retention
of phosphate leading to
secondary hyperparathyroidism)
29
Q

Dystrophic calcification morphology

A

Macroscopically as fine, white granules or clumps, often felt
as gritty deposits.
• Microscopy basophilic, amorphous granular. They can be
intracellular, extracellular, or both.

30
Q

Cellular adaptation definition?

A 
They are capable of adjusting
their structure and functions
in response to various
physiological and
pathological conditions.
31
Q

cellular adaptation modes ?

A
  1. Physiologic adaptations Responses of cells to normal
    stimulation by hormones or
    endogenous chemical
    mediators.
  2. Pathologic adaptations Responses to stress that allow
    cells to modulate their structure
    and function and thus escape
    injury.
32
Q

The principal or types of adaptive

responses are ?

A

1.Hypertrophy 2.Hyperplasia 3.Atrophy 4.Metaplasia

33
Q

Is an increase in the size of the tissue/organ due to the increase in the size
of the cells.

A

Hypertrophy

not capable of dividing e.g. striated
muscles.

34
Q

Hypertrophy Physiological eg ?

A

Breast during lactation • Pregnant uterus

skeletal muscles

35
Q

Hypertrophic Pathologic eg?

A

The cardiomyocytes of the myocardium in heart failure (e.g. hypertrophy in hypertension or aortic valve disease).

36
Q

The cardiomyocytes of the myocardium in heart failure (e.g. hypertrophy in hypertension or aortic valve disease)
Eg of which adaptation

A

Hypertrophy

37
Q

Is the increase in the size of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the
number of cells. ?

A

Hyperplasia

38
Q

Physiologic hyperplasia are of two types?

A
  1. Hormonal hyperplasia e.g. the proliferation of the glands of the female breast
    at puberty and during pregnancy
  2. Compensatory hyperplasia e.g. when a portion of liver is partially resected,
    the remaining cells multiply and restore the liver to its original weight.
39
Q

when a portion of liver is partially resected,
the remaining cells multiply and restore the liver to its original weight.

Eg off ?

A

Hyperplasia

40
Q

the proliferation of the glands of the female breast
at puberty and during pregnancy

Eg of ?

A

Hyperplasia

41
Q

Pathologic hyperplasia examples ?

A

Are caused by abnormal excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation e.g. excess estrogen leads to endometrial hyperplasia which causes abnormal menstrual bleeding. Sometimes pathologic hyperplasia acts as the base for cancer to develop from. Thus, patients with hyperplasia of the endometrium are at increased risk of developing endometrial cancer.

42
Q

excess estrogen leads to endometrial hyperplasia which causes abnormal menstrual bleeding.
Eg of which type or adaptation ?

A

Pathologic hyperplasia

43
Q

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia

can occur together, e.g.?

A

The uterus during pregnancy
in which there is smooth muscle
hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
– Benign prostatic hyperplasia

44
Q

the shrinkage in the size of the cell.

A

Atrophy

45
Q

Causes of atrophy include

?

A

Decreased workload or disuse (e.g.
immobilization of a limb in fracture),  Loss of innervation  Diminished blood supply,  Inadequate nutrition  Loss of endocrine stimulation (e.g. the
loss of hormone stimulation in
menopause)  Aging: senile atrophy of brain can lead
to dementia.

46
Q

Is a reversible change in which one adult cell type (epithelial
or mesenchymal) is replaced by another adult cell type .

A

Metaplasia

47
Q

Examples of metaplasia: ?

A

1.Squamous change that occurs in the ciliated columnar
respiratory epithelium in habitual cigarette smokers .
2. Normal stratified squamous epithelium of the lower
esophagus may undergo metaplastic transformation to
gastric or intestinal-type columnar epithelium due to acid
effect.

48
Q

1.Squamous change that occurs in the ciliated columnar
respiratory epithelium in habitual cigarette smokers .
Eg of which adaptation?

A

metaplasia

49
Q

Normal stratified squamous epithelium of the lower
esophagus may undergo metaplastic transformation to
gastric or intestinal-type columnar epithelium due to acid
effect.

Which type of adaptation

A

metaplasia

Pathology (8 decks)

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