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Pathology > Repair > Flashcards

Repair Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to the restoration of tissue architecture and function after an
injury.

A

Repair

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2
Q

Repair It occurs by two types of reactions

A
  1. Regeneration

2. Healing

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3
Q

Refers to tissues are able to replace the damaged components and
essentially return to a normal state.

A

Regeneration

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4
Q

Refers to When repair occurs by laying down of connective (fibrous) tissue,
which results in scar formation.

A

Healing

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5
Q

Continuously dividing tissue.
Lost cell replaced by maturation from stem cells and by
proliferation of mature cells

A

1.Labile tissues

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6
Q

Cells of these tissues have only minimal replicative activity .
These cells are capable of proliferating in response to injury or
loss of tissue mass .

A

2.Stable Tissues:

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7
Q

Terminally differentiated and nonproliferative in postnatal
life.

A

3.Permanent Tissues:

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8
Q

1.Labile tissues examples ?

A

hematopoietic cells in the bone

marrow and surface epithelia.

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9
Q

2.Stable Tissues eg?

A

liver, kidney, and pancreas, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle

cells.

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10
Q

3.Permanent Tissues eg?

A

neurons and cardiac muscle cells .

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11
Q

The sequence of events that control cell proliferation known as
?

A

Cell cycle

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12
Q

proliferation of cells involve two processes: ?

A
  1. DNA replication. 2. Mitosis.
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13
Q

The cycle consists of ?

A

1.The pre-synthetic growth phase 1 (G1), 2. The DNA synthesis phase (S), 3. The pre-mitotic growth phase 2 (G2), 4. The mitotic phase (M ).

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14
Q

Which cells are arrest in G1 or they exit the cycle
and enter a phase called G 0.
?

A

Non-dividing cells

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15
Q

Prevent DNA replication or mitosis of damaged cells and allow for
DNA repair. ?

A

Checkpoint controls:

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16
Q

If repair does not occur the damaged cells eliminate by ?

A

apoptosis

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17
Q

Repair by connective tissue deposition consists of ?

A

1.Formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) 2.Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts 3.Deposition of ECM (scar formation) 4.Maturation and reorganization of the fibrous tissue
(remodeling)

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18
Q

Scar Formation): It occurs in two steps which are ?

A

1) Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts into the site of injury (2) Deposition of ECM by these cells.

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19
Q

The recruitment and stimulation of fibroblasts is driven by ?

A

growth factors.

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20
Q

Is the outcome of the repair process, it is a balance between
ECM synthesis and degradation.

A

Tissue Remodeling

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21
Q

Growth factors produced by ?

A

Leukocytes • Parenchymal cells . • The stromal (connective tissue)

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22
Q

Sequence of repair by connective tissue ?

A
  1. Emigration of fibroblasts and induction of fibroblasts and endothelial cells proliferation
  2. Granulation tissue begins ( proliferating fibroblasts newly formed thin capillaries and loose ECM
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23
Q

What happens if the tissue injury is too severe and regeneration is not possible ?

A

Scar formation :
Replacement of injured tissues ( dead cells ) with connective tissue ( heavy deposition of collagen ) = lfibrosis or scar formation

24
Q

Scar formation :
Replacing necrotic tissues with connective tissue leading to scar formation or by thr combination of regeneration of some cells and scar formation

In which types of situations?

A
  1. Non dividing cell injury
  2. ECM stromatolites cells injury
  3. after chronic inflammation response
  4. Ostensively ischemic necrosis ( myocardium infarction )
25
Q

Fibrosis replacing purple trim exudates ?

A

Organization

26
Q

Which type of healing occurs in a clean wound ? And what are the other properties?

A

Healing by primary intention

No tissue loss / no infection / good blood supply

27
Q

Which type of healing is caused by infection ? And what are the other properties ?

A

Healing by secondary intention

Excessive trauma / tissue loss / imprecise approximation of tissue

28
Q

End result of healing primary ?

A 
Rapid healing and epitheliazation
 less granulation tissue 
Less fibrosis 
Minimal scar 
Epithelial regeneration predominate over fibrosis
29
Q

End result of healing secondary

?

A

Slower / more inflammation and granulation tissue formation and more scaring

30
Q

Example or secondary healing ?

A

Large burns and ulcer / pressure sore / infarction

31
Q

The main bulk od secondary healing is ?

A

Granulation tissue

32
Q

Granulation tissue is formed by proliferation of?

A

Fibroblasts and neovascularization

33
Q

Important feature of wound healing second ?

A

Contraction of wound

34
Q

More collagen ?

A

Gives scar

35
Q

Diff of prim and sec healing ?

A

Second : more inflammation / more granu tissue / wound contraction

36
Q

Wound contraction ?

A

Dec. wound size / myofibroblast / cell fish gran tissue to cell pops scar tissue

37
Q

Factors affect healing ?

A

1.Infections and diabetes. 2.Nutrition , protein deficiency, vitamin C deficiency, inhibits
collagen synthesis and retards healing. 3.Glucocorticoids (steroids) result in poor wound strength due to
diminished fibrosis. 4.Mechanical variables such as increased local pressure or torsion. 5. Poor perfusion 6. Foreign bodies such as fragments of glass, or even bone impede
healing. 7.The type (and volume) of tissue injured is critical.

38
Q

excessive scars composed of irregularly
deposite thick hyalinized collagen bands. They may
appear as bulging masses are?>

A

Keloids

39
Q

result of an overgrowth

of dense fibrous tissue?

A

Keloids

40
Q 
tissue extends beyond the borders
of the original wound, does not usually
regress spontaneously, and tends to
recur after excision.
?
A

Keloids

41
Q

characterized by
erythematous, pruritic, raised fibrous lesions
?

A

hypertrophic

42
Q

do not expand beyond the
boundaries of the initial injury and may
undergo partial spontaneous resolution?

A

hypertrophic

43
Q

develops after healing of a skin injury.

?

A

Keloids

44
Q

common after
thermal injuries.
?

A

Hypertrophic

45
Q

HEALING OF BONE FRACTURE ?

A

A. Bleeding stage and formation of procallus. B. Endochondral ossification.
C. Formation of bony callus.

46
Q

Rupture of blood vessels results in a hematoma, which : ?

A

fills the fracture gap and B- surrounds the area of bone injury.

47
Q

The clotted blood provides a fibrin mesh, which ?

A

helps seal off the fracture site and at the same time B- creates a framework for the influx of inflammatory cells and ingrowth of fibroblasts and new capillary vessels

48
Q

Which cells release : • PDGF, • TGF-β, • FGF, and • Interleukins?

A

degranulated platelets and migrating inflammatory

49
Q

activate the osteoprogenitor cells which stimulate ?

A

osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity

50
Q

fusiform and predominantly uncalcified tissue is called?

A

soft- tissue callus or procallus

51
Q

The activated osteoprogenitor cells deposit?

A

subperiosteal trabeculae

of woven bone within the medullary cavity.

52
Q

activated mesenchymal cells in the soft tissues
and bone surrounding the fracture line also differentiate into
?

A

chondroblasts that make fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage

53
Q

ossification, the fractured ends are bridged by?

A

bony

callus.

54
Q

restores the original size and shape
of the bone,
?

A

callus remodeling

55
Q

Factors affecting bone healing?

A

1- Displaced and comminuted fractures frequently result in some deformity; 2- Inadequate immobilization 3- Infection
4- others: Bone repair will obviously be impaired by • Inadequate levels of calcium or phosphorus • Vitamin deficiencies, • Systemic infection, • Diabetes, and • Vascular insufficiency

Pathology (8 decks)

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