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pathology > Classification Of Tumors > Flashcards

Classification Of Tumors Flashcards

1
Q

abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which
exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues
and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the
stimuli which induced the change is ?

A

neoplasm

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2
Q

Tumors are classified according to behavior into?

A

Benign tumors

– Malignant tumors

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3
Q

clue for differentiation?

A

Morphology

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4
Q

All tumors have two basic components?

A

1) The parenchyma, made up of transformed or neoplastic
cells. (2) The supporting non-neoplastic stroma, made up of
connective tissue, blood vessels, and host-derived
inflammatory cells.

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5
Q

Nomenclature?

A

Benign tumors: In general, benign tumors are designated by attaching the suffix -oma to the cell type from which the tumor arises.

Malignant tumors
• Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cells are called carcinomas
• Malignant neoplasms arising in “solid” mesenchymal tissues,
or its derivatives are called sarcomas

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6
Q

benign tumor arising in fibrous tissue is ?

A

fibroma

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7
Q

benign cartilaginous tumor is

A

chondroma

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8
Q

sarcomas,

-Exceptions

A

sarcomas, eg. Chondrosarcoma

-Exceptions

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9
Q

malformation that presents as a mass of

disorganized tissue indigenous to the particular site?

A

Hamartoma

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10
Q

mass of mature but disorganized hepatic cells,

blood vessels, and possibly bile ducts within the liver?

A

Hamartoma

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11
Q

may be a hamartomatous nodule in the lung

containing islands of cartilage, bronchi, and blood vessels ?

A

Hamartoma

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12
Q

Features to distinguish between benign and malignant neoplasm:
?

A
  1. Differentiation and anaplasia 2. Rate of growth 3. Local invasion 4. Metastasis
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13
Q

extent to which they
resemble their normal counterparts morphologically and
functionally. ?

A

1.Differentiation

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14
Q

1.Differentiation is seen in ?

A

parenchymal cells

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15
Q

Benign neoplasms 1.Differentiation?

A

well­ differentiated

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16
Q

Malignant neoplasms 1.Differentiation?

A

range of parenchymal cell
differentiation, from well differentiated to completely
undifferentiated (anaplastic) Between the two extremes lie tumors
referred to as moderately differentiated.

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17
Q

Anaplastic features?

A

Pleomorphism (variation in size and shape of cells & their
nuclei) 2. Hyperchromatic large nuclei 3. Increased nuclear ­to­ cytoplasmic ratio (1 : 1 , normal 1 : 4 ) 4. Multi nucleated Giant cells. 5. Mitoses often are numerous and distinctly atypical; tripolar or
quadripolar mitotic figures ) 6. Fail to develop recognizable patterns of orientation to one
another (i.e., they lose normal polarity).

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18
Q

2.Rate of growth:

• Most benign tumor? most malignant?

A

grow slowly, / grow

much faster.

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19
Q

Poorly differentiated tumors tend to ?

A

grow more rapidly

than do well­ differentiated tumors.

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20
Q

grow more rapidly
than do well­ differentiated tumors.
?

A

benign

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21
Q

It
does not have the capacity to infiltrate, invade, or metastasize to
distant sites.
?

A

benign

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22
Q

progressive infiltration,
invasion, destruction, and penetration of the surrounding
tissue.
?

A

Malignant

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23
Q

Means the development of secondary implants (metastases)

discontinuous with the primary tumor , ?

A

.Metastasis

24
Q

Not all cancers can metastasize ?

A
  1. Basal cell carcinomas of the skin
  2. Most primary tumors of the central nervous system, which are
    highly invasive locally but rarely metastasize.
  3. Carcinoids
  4. Giant cell tumor of bone
25
Q

30% of patients with newly diagnosed solid tumors present
with?

A

clinically evident metastases.

26
Q

Malignant neoplasms disseminate by one of three path­ways?

A

Hematogenuos spread: 2.lympatic 3. Seeding within body cavities :

27
Q

Hematogenuos spread: ?

A

Through the blood and it is favored by sarcomas

28
Q

2.lympatic spread?

A

through the lymph and it is typical of

carcinomas

29
Q

the first regional lymph node that

receives lymph flow from a primary tumor ?

A

sentinel lymph node”

30
Q

sentinel lymph node” It can be identified by?

A

injection of blue dyes or radiolabeled tracers

near the primary tumor.

31
Q

frequently involved secondary sites in

hematogenous dissemination. ?

A

Liver and lungs

32
Q

Seeding within body cavities :

Examples ?

A

Characteristic of cancers of the ovary, which often cover the
peritoneal sur­faces widely. • Neoplasms of the central nervous system, penetrate the
cerebral ventricles and be carried by the cerebrospinal fluid to
reimplant on the men­ingeal surfaces.

33
Q

Gross Features Benign tumors

?

A

Well defined tumor margins • Cut section is uniform with no
hemorrhage or necrosis • Usually, small. • Tumor arising in solid organs are
ovoid, capsulated from
compressed surrounding
structures.

34
Q

Gross Features Malignant Tumors

A

Tumor margins are ill
defined • Size variable. • Cut section shows
hemorrhage and necrosis. • Not encapsulated usually. • Tumor arising from surface
is either cauliflower ,
ulcerative, or infiltrative.

35
Q

have the
same structural pattern
as normal tissue.
?

A

Benign

36
Q

Cells of benign tumors are similar to
the cell of origin. The only clue to
being neoplastic is mass formation.

A

Benign

37
Q

adipocytes

separated by CT) ?

A

Benign Lipoma

38
Q

Thyroid adenoma

follicles

A

Benign

39
Q

Cells of benign tumors are similar to
the cell of origin. The only clue to
being neoplastic is mass formation. Eg?

A

leiomyoma (fibroid) is
similar to smooth muscle of the
uterus.

40
Q

MALIGNANCY FEATURES ?

A

• NUCLEAR SIZE (INCREASED N/C RATIO) • NUCLEAR SHAPE (PLEOMORHISM) • CHROMATIN COLOR (HYPERCHROMASIA) • CHROMATIN CLUMPS • M ITOTIC FIGURES • NUCLEOLI (M ACRONUCLEOLI OR PROMINENT
NUCLEOLI

41
Q 
It is hard to tell the origin of
tumor cells, carcinoma,
sarcoma, lymphoma or
melanoma.
 We use?
A

Immunohistochemistry

42
Q

Plays a role in malignant tumors for identification of tumor

type, small biopsy or undifferentiated tumors. ?

A

Immunohistochemistry

43
Q

Immunohistochemistry of epithelial tumors ?

A

Cytokeratin

44
Q

Immunohistochemistry of mesenchymal tumors ?

A

Vimentin

45
Q

Immunohistochemistry of lymphoma?

A

Leukocytic Common Antigen (LCA

46
Q

Immunohistochemistry of melanoma?

A

Melan A,

47
Q

For tumor therapy,
targeted and hormonal
– Breast carcinoma which Immunohistochemistry is used ?

A 
ER
• PR
• HER2
• KI67
• OTHERS
48
Q

Slower rate of growth • Local invasion without

distant metastasis. ?

A

Locally Malignant Tumors

49
Q

loss in the uniformity of the individual cells

and a loss in their architectural orientation.

A

Dysplasia

50
Q

Dysplasia occurs in ?

A

• It occurs mainly in the epithelia meneschymal

51
Q

It is a non-neoplastic process but a premalignant

condition.

A

Dysplasia

52
Q

Dysplasia properties?

A

is showing a degree of pleomorphism, incearse N:C
ratio, hyperchromatism, increase mitosis, loss of polarity
and disordered maturation or total failure of maturation
• Dysplasia does not mean cancer. • Dysplasia does not necessary progress to
cancer. • Dysplasia may be reversible.

BUT

Lack of invasiveness • Reversibility
.

53
Q

The differences between dysplasia and cancer: ?

A

Lack of invasiveness • Reversibility

54
Q

The risk for invasive cancer varies with: ?

A

Grade of dysplasia ( mild, moderate,

sever) • Duration of dysplasia • Site of dysplasia

55
Q 
an intraepithelial
malignancy in which malignant cells
involve the entire thickness of the
epithelium without penetration of
the basement membrane.
?
A

Carcinoma In-situ

pathology (8 decks)

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