Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

N216 A/B > Diabetes Mellitus I > Flashcards

Diabetes Mellitus I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 primary sources of energy?

A
  • Glucose

- Fatty acids (fat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Glucose is broken down into ____ + ____; triglycerides are broken down into ____ + ____

A

CO2, H2O; fatty acids, glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why does the brain require constant supply of glucose?

A

Brain can’t store it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

(True/False) Fatty acids can be converted into glucose and used by the brain

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Insulin is a pancreatic hormone synthesized in ____ cells

A

beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are 3 actions of insulin?

A
  • Glucose uptake
  • Amino acid uptake
  • Promotes storage formation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Glucagon is a pancreatic hormone synthesized in ____ cells

A

alpha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the action of glucagon?

A

Breakdown of storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the 3 steps of insulin’s mechanism of action

A
  1. Insulin binds to tyrosine kinase (CM receptor)
  2. Activates tyrosine kinase
  3. Stimulates glucose transporter channels to open
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

____ (_ cell) inhibits insulin

A

Somatostatin (D cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the 5 steps in insulin synthesis

A
  1. Glucose enters beta cells through glucose transporter channels
  2. Glucokinase metabolizes glucose into ATP
  3. ATP closes K channels on beta cells
  4. Depolarization
  5. Insulin secreted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

__% of insulin is 1st pass metabolized after it enters the hepatic circulation

A

50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Diabetes mellitus results in ____ glucose in plasma & ____ solute concentration in renal tubules

A

increased, high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are 3 hormones that have synergistic effects with high glucose levels?

A
  • Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  • Catecholamines (epinephrine)
  • Growth hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are 9 side effects/complications of DM?

A
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Polydipsia
  • Polyuria
  • Glycosuria
  • Ketonuria
  • Changes in LOC
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Nephropathy
  • Retinopathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe ketonuria

A

Ketones in the urine increase the acidity; diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are 4 consequences of reduced glucose uptake?

A
  • Lipolysis
  • Proteolysis
  • Ketonuria
  • Endothelial dysfunction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the cause of type 1A DM?

A

Genetic predisposition + triggering event (ie. infection)

–> autoimmune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the cause type 1B diabetes?

A

Idiopathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the treatment for DM?

A

Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the normal level of insulin?

A

5-15 IU/mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the normal level of glucose?

A

4-8 mmoL

24
Q

What are the 4 types of insulin?

A
  • Rapid acting
  • Long acting
  • Short acting
  • Intermediate acting
25
Q

What is the admin. route for insulin?

A

Subcutaneous (IV for ER)

26
Q

How long does it take to reach the peak concentrations of rapid acting insulins?

A

1-2 hrs

27
Q

What are 4 examples of rapid acting insulins?

A
  • Humalog (Lispro)
  • Apidra (Glulisine)
  • Novorapid (Aspart)
  • Fiasp (Aspart)
28
Q

What is the onset time of fiasp?

A

4 mins

29
Q

In what situation are rapid acting insulins ideal?

A

Meal-time bolus (patient eats right away)

30
Q

What are 3 reasons why rapid acting insulin is administered through pumps?

A
  • Boluses
  • Customize basal insulin requirements
  • Careful monitoring
31
Q

For how long can a long acting insulin plateau for?

A

24 hrs

32
Q

What are 3 examples of long acting insulins?

A
  • Levemir (Detemir)
  • Lantus (Glargine)
  • Tresiba (Degludec)
33
Q

How ultra-long acting is tresiba?

A

> 30 hrs

34
Q

How long does it take to reach the peak of short acting insulins?

A

2-3 hrs

35
Q

What are 3 examples of short acting insulins?

A
  • Humulin R(egular)
  • Entuzity (KwikPen)
  • Novolin ge Toronto
36
Q

Entuzity (KwikPen) is _ times more concentrated

A

5

37
Q

In what situation are short acting insulins ideal?

A

30-45 mins pre-meal

38
Q

What is the onset time of intermediate acting insulins?

A

1-3 hrs

39
Q

What is the duration time of intermediate acting insulins?

A

Up to 18 hrs

40
Q

What are 2 examples of intermediate acting insulins?

A
  • Humulin N

- Novolin ge NPH

41
Q

In what situations should long and intermediate acting insulins be administered by IV?

A

Never

42
Q

In what situation are long and intermediate acting insulins ideal?

A
  • Background replacement

- 1-2 times daily

43
Q

What is the formula for total daily insulin required?

A

U = 0.55 U x Weight kg

44
Q

Approx. ____ of the total daily insulin requirement is the background requirement

A

half

45
Q

What does BBIT stand for?

A

Basal
Bolus
Insulin
Titrate

46
Q

How many times per day minimum should one check blood glucose?

A

4

47
Q

__g of carbohydrate = 1 unit rapid acting insulin

A

15

48
Q

BASAL: Why should long acting insulin be given in the AM?

A

Avoid night hypoglycemia

49
Q

BOLUS: How often should rapid or short acting insulins be given?

A

3x

50
Q

What is the sliding scale?

A

Outline of blood glucose levels + insulin dose in acutely ill patient charts

51
Q

Illness ____ sugar levels due to cortisol release meanwhile exercise ____ sugar levels

A

increased, decreased

52
Q

What are 7 signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia (<4)?

A
  • Thirst
  • Fatigue
  • N&V
  • Kussmaul breathing
  • blood + urine ketones
  • fruity breath
  • DKA
53
Q

What are 6 signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia (>10)?

A
  • Loss of focus
  • Nervousness
  • Shakiness (rapid onset)
  • Tachycardia
  • Tremors
  • Diaphoresis
54
Q

Hyperglycemia:

  • ____ plasma glucose
  • shift potassium ____ cells
A

high, out

55
Q

What is the conscious tx for hypoglycemia?

A
  • Glucose gel/tablet 15g x 4

- Apple juice

56
Q

What is the unconscious tx for hypoglycemia?

A
  • 50% dextrose IV

- Glucagon IM

N216 A/B (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions