[216B] Neuro Part 2 Review Slides

Question 1

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are mainly ______ neurotransmitters.

Answer 1

Excitatory.

Question 2

High levels of epinephrine/norepinephrine cause (3):

Answer 2

Paranoia.
Anxiety.
Stress.

Question 3

Low levels of epinephrine/norepinephrine or dopamine will cause (2):

Answer 3

Depression.

Lethargy.

Question 4

Dopamine is mainly an _______ neurotransmitter.

Answer 4

Excitatory.

Question 5

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are responsible for our sense of (2):

Answer 5

Drive & motivation.

Question 6

Dopamine is responsible for our ________ _______ and feeling of ______.

Answer 6

Reward pathway; pleasure.

Question 7

High dopamine levels result in (2):

Answer 7

Anxiety.

Psychosis.

Question 8

Serotonin has a ______ effect and ________ mood.

Answer 8

Calming; balances mood.

Question 9

Serotonin is an _______ neurotransmitter.

Answer 9

Inhibitory.

Question 10

High levels of serotonin will result in:

Answer 10

Mood swings.

Question 11

Low levels of serotonin will result in (3):

Answer 11

Depression.
OCD.
Mood swings.

Question 12

GABA is an ________ neurotransmitter.

Answer 12

Inhibitory.

Question 13

GABA causes _______ cell activity by _______ Cl reflux.

Answer 13

Decreased cell activity by Increasing Cl reflux.

Question 14

Glutamate is an ___________ neurotransmitter.

Answer 14

Excitatory.

Question 15

Glutamate binds to ______ receptors to impact our _______ and _______. May also be used in ________ tx.

Answer 15

Binds to NMDA receptors.
Impacts learning and memory.
May be used as depression tx.

Question 16

High glutamate levels result in (2):

Answer 16

Focus.

Anxiety.

Question 17

Low glutamate levels result in (2):

Answer 17

Low focus.
Poor retention (retention = committing LEARNING to MEMORY, so if glutamate is responsible for these and is low, neither will happen).

Question 18

Substance P is an _______ neurotransmitter.

Answer 18

Excitatory.

Question 19

Substance P is responsible for _____ sensation.

Answer 19

Pain.

Question 20

What is unique about acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter?

Answer 20

It can be both excitatory and inhibitory depending on the situation.

Question 21

Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the ___-_________ neuron.

Answer 21

Post-synaptic.

Question 22

______ are used to remove the neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft after it has binded.

Answer 22

Enzymes (ex: MOA).

Question 23

In the somatic nervous system, _________ (neurotransmitter) acts on ________ ____ (effector organs).

Answer 23

Acetylcholine (neurotransmitter).
Skeletal muscle (effector organs).

Question 24

In the autonomic nervous system, the effector organs are (3):

Answer 24

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle & glands.

Question 25

Describe both possible signalling pathways in the SNS.

Answer 25

1. Acetylcholine acts at the ganglion, and NE acts on adrenergic receptors at the neuromuscular junction.
2. Acetylcholine acts at the adrenal medulla, causing it to release E & NE in the blood vessels.

Question 26

Describe the signalling pathway of the PNS.

Answer 26

Acetylcholine acts at the ganglion and at the neuromuscular junction.

Question 27

Which 2 electrolytes enter the cell during depolarization?

Answer 27

Ca2+ and Na+.

Question 28

Which 2 electrolytes will exit the cell during depolarization?

Answer 28

K+ and Cl-.

Question 29

What are 3 examples of enzymes that degrade neurotransmitters after they have bound to the post-synaptic neuron?

Answer 29

MAO, COMT & cholinesterase (acetyl-cholinesterase).

Question 30

What happens when there is decreased activity of enzymes meant to degrade neurotransmitters post-binding?

Answer 30

The neurotransmitter will be present in the synapse for longer, so their effects will be seen for longer.

Question 31

Define physical dependence.

Answer 31

When the body adapts to the presence of exogenous substance (ie: it expects to receive X amount of substance exogenously again, so to compensate, it will secrete less of it endogenously).

Question 32

Define tolerance.

Answer 32

When the body requires higher doses of a substance to yield the same effect.

Question 33

Define psychological dependence.

Answer 33

Exhibiting behaviours that involve seeking out the drug (ex: seeking out X substance because it makes them feel good).

Question 34

Can you develop psychological dependence on a substance with tx in an intensive care setting? Why or why not?

Answer 34

No, because if you are not aware of the effect the drug is having on you (ex: because you’re unconscious in the ICU), you will not seek out the drug to elicit its effect in the future.

Question 35

What criteria must be met to warrant a diagnosis of psychological dependence?

Answer 35

3 or more displayed behaviours, occurring at any time within the same 12 month period.

Question 36

List the possible displayed behaviours associated with psychological dependence (7).

Answer 36

1. Spending a great deal of time acquiring, using & recovering from the use of the substance.
2. Disruption of important activities because of substance use.
3. Using more than intended.
4. Compulsive use despite harm.
5. Tolerance (requiring more drug over time).
6. Withdrawal symptoms if drug is not taken.
7. Unsuccessful efforts to cut down.