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Histology > Module 12- renal > Flashcards

Module 12- renal Flashcards

1
Q

Most vital function of renal tubules

A

resorption

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2
Q

What is the capsule around the kidneys?

A

dense connective tissue

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3
Q

2 hormones produced by the kidneys

A

Renin and erythropoietin

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4
Q

What hormone aids regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure?

A

renin

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5
Q

What hormone stimulates production of erythrocytes in bone marrow?

A

erythropoeitin

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6
Q

What 2 parts of the kidney are shown here?

A

Cortex (dark red) and medulla (lighter)

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7
Q

What are the spaces between renal pyramids called?

A

renal columns, or columns of Bertin

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8
Q

Flow of urine through the kidneys

A

pyramids -> papillae -> major calyces -> minor calyces -> renal pelvis -> ureters -> bladder

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9
Q

what percentage of cardiac output is designated for the kidneys?

A

~25%

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10
Q

Flow of blood through the kidneys

A

Renal artery -> interlobar arteries -> arcuate arteries -> interlobular arteries -> afferent arterioles -> efferent arterioles

Think R-I-A-I-A-E, or Roberta is an irrepressible australian entertainer

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11
Q

Which vessel flows into the glomerulus, and which flows out?

A

afferent arteriole flows in and efferent arteriole drains out

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12
Q

What structure is filled by efferent arterioles and drains into arcuate veins?

A

Vasa recta, or recurrent capillary loops

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13
Q

What is the flow of blood from the cortex and medulla of the kidney?

A

drain into interlobular veins, which drains into the renal vein

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14
Q

Functional unit of the kidney

A

neprhon

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15
Q

What are the components of a nephron?

A

renal corpuscle (glomerulus and bowman’s capsule), proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule

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16
Q

type of capillaries/endothelium in the glomerulus

A

fenestrated

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17
Q

cells within the Bowman’s capsule that embrace the glomerular capillaries

A

podocytes/pedicels

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18
Q

2 parts to the wall of the Bowman’s capsule

A

parietal (external) layer of simple squamous epithelium and a visceral (internal)layer of podocytes/pedicels

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19
Q

space between parietal and visceral layers of Bowman’s capsule

A

urinary space

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20
Q

structure located wehre afferent arteriole enters and efferent arteriole exits the renal corpuscle

A

vascular pole

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21
Q

Structure located where the proximal tubule begins

A

urinary pole

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22
Q

Filtration slits between adjacent pedicels, fused basal lamina of podocytes, and endothelial cells

A

filtration barrier

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23
Q

physical filtration barrier layer in renal corpuscle

A

lamina densa

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24
Q

Charge barrier of filtration in the renal corpuscle

A

Lamina Rara

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25
Q

Structure consisting of a secretory nephron and excretory collecting duct

A

uriniferous tubule

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26
Q

Where in the kidneys are the majority of nephrons found?

A

cortex

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27
Q

What gives the renal cortex uniform granularity?

A

the proximal and distal tubules

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28
Q

Which type/location of nephron is larger?

A

juxtamedullary

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29
Q

What structure is indicated by the arrows?

A

corpuscles/nephron/glomerulus

30
Q

What tissue is pictured?

A

Renal cortex: RC is the renal corpuscles, MR medullary rays (containing proximal and distal straight tubules and collecting ducts), CL cortical labyrinth

31
Q

What kind of tubules are present in the medullary rays?

A

straight tubules. NO convoluted tubules

32
Q

Where do the nuclei of renal corpsucle endothelial cells sit?

A

close to the mesangium, at the base of the capillary tuft where Mesangial cells also reside

33
Q

What structure is magnified here? And identify the parts

A

Up close of renal corpuscle: the large round object is a red blood cell, up against a fenestrated capillary. The slits between the larger blob projections are filtration slits, and the blobs are the pedicels

34
Q

What kind of filtration barrier in the kidneys allows water and ions to opass into the bowman’s space but not larger molecules/cells?

A

tripartite renal filtration barrier

35
Q

What cells provide support and phagocytic role in maintaining basement membrane components, but are NOT part of the glomerular filtration barrier?

A

mesangial cells

36
Q

What helps contract podocytes to widen the gaps between them?

A

actin microfilaments

37
Q

longest segment of a nephron

A

proximal tubules

38
Q

Kidney tubule with simple cuboidal or low columnar epithelium, many mitochondria, and a prominent microvilli brush border

A

proximal tubules

39
Q

Differences between proximal and distal tubules

A

Distal tubules are shorter, less convoluted, only have cuboidal cells, smaller overall diameter but wider lumen than proximal tubules, and no brush border

40
Q

what kind of transport happens in proximal tubules?

A

active transport

41
Q

What kidney tubule resorbs most water, glucose, amino acids, bicarbonate, ascorbic acid, and all protein?

A

proximal tubules

42
Q

The macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells make up what?

A

the juxtaglomerular complex

43
Q

modified smooth muscle cells found in the tunica media of the afferent arterioles in the kidney that secrete renin

A

JG cells

44
Q

what hormone regulates systemic arterial blood pressure and Na+ concentration?

A

renin

45
Q

Flow of the renin-angiotensin system

A

JG cells secrete renin -> renin meets angiotensinogen and breaks it down into Angiotensin I -> this meets angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and makes angiotensin II -> vasoconstriction, raise BP, H2O absorption, and aldosterone secretion

46
Q

narrow, closely packed epithelial cells in the distal tubule with many organelles, prominent Golgi, face JG cells, and monitor sodium and ultrafiltrate volume in the distal tubule

A

Macula densa

47
Q

Where are the loops of henle located?

A

in the renal medulla

48
Q

Epithelium of loops of henle

A

simple squamous epithelium

49
Q

What creates the concentration gradient in tissue fluid in the renal medulla causing countercurrent multiplication of urinary concentration?

A

Loops of Henle

50
Q

What makes lateral cell borders in the collecting tubules and ducts more distinct than other tubules?

A

lack of intercellular projections and invaginations

51
Q

Glycogen deposition around nuclei of lining cells in collecting tubules and ducts gives what appearance?

A

a halo pattern around the nuclei

52
Q

2 types of cells found in collecting ducts

A

light (principal) cells and dark (intercalated) cells

53
Q

Which cells in the collecting ducts are partly responsible for urine acidification and have numerous stubby microvilli?

A

Dark cells

54
Q

What kind of junction connects the principal and intercalated cells of collecting ducts?

A

tight junctions

55
Q

What hormone increases water permeability in the collecting ducts?

A

ADH

56
Q

What gland secretes ADH?

A

posterior pituitary

57
Q

What structure secretes aldosterone?

A

zona glomerulosa from the adrenal cortex

58
Q

What does aldosterone regulate?

A

Resorption of Sodium and Chloride ions

59
Q

What renal structure concentrates urine and maintains the acid-base balance?

A

Collecting ducts

60
Q

What ions move in and out of the collecting ducts?

A

Protons and bicarb ions secreted, Potassium resorbed

61
Q

What structure is pictured?

A

Collecting duct (note the single continuous layer of cuboidal epithelium, with rounded nuclei)

62
Q

4 concentric layers of the ureters and urinary bladder

A

urothelium, underlying cellular and fibrous lamina propria, muscularis externa of smooth muscle, and adventitia (serosa)

63
Q

Expandable tissue in the ureters and urinary bladder that is thick when collapsed and thin when distended

A

urothelium (transitional epithelium)

64
Q

Is there flow of ions or water in the ureters?

A

no, so the concentration of urine is pretty much the same

65
Q

What makes up the mucosa/mucous membrane of the ureters and bladder

A

urothelium and lamina propria

66
Q

What structure is pictured?

A

Ureter

67
Q

What covers the superior bladder outer surface?

A

serosa of the peritoneum (as opposed to adventitia everywhere else)

68
Q

Structure in females analogous to prostate in males

A

Skene’s glands

69
Q

What structure is pictured?

A

Skene’s gland (paraurethral gland)

70
Q

What gland is pictured?

A

Bartholin gland

71
Q
A

Histology (9 decks)

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