Info from PBL-GI2 Flashcards
1
Q
What are some common causes of osteoporosis?
A
- Omeprazole
- Oestrogen
- Steroids
- Smoking
- Alcoholism
- Hypogonadism
- Overactive thyroid
- Malabsorption problems - coeliac disease and Crohn’s disease
2
Q
What can long term use of omeprazole cause?
A
- Hyponatraemia, low magnesium, B12 deficiency etc.
- Osteoporosis
- C. difficile (due to pH changes)
3
Q
C. difficile
A
- Diarrhoea, fever, loss of appetite etc.
- Affects elderly, people on long-term antibiotics, underlying conditions, weak immune systems
- Common in patients taking PPIs (due to changes in pH)
- Treat with vancomycin
4
Q
Name a H2-receptor antagonist?
A
Famotidine
(Ranitidine is no longer used - risk of gastric cancer)
5
Q
What is metaplasia?
A
Transformation of one differentiated cell type to another differentiated cell type
6
Q
Describe the metaplasia in Barrett’s oesophagus:
A
From stratified squamous epithelium to mucous secreting columnar epithelium with goblet cells
Happens in response to acidic stress (therefore associated with GORD)
7
Q
What are the types of anaemia?
What causes each?
A
- Microcytic - iron deficiency
- Macrocytic - B12 / folate deficiency
- Normocytic - trauma
8
Q
What is the CIWA score used for?
What sort of questions are asked?
A
- Severity of alcohol withdrawal
- N/V? Tremor? Sweats? Anxiety?
9
Q
What is echogenicity?
A
Brightness on an ultrasound
10
Q
What is ataxia?
A
Un-coordinated movement
