B12 - Reproduction

Question 1

Asexual Reproduction

Answer 1

• Involves 1 parent Gametes
• No mix of genetic information, so offspring is genetically identical to its parent, these are clones
• Involves Mitosis, not Meiosis

Question 2

Asexual Reproduction Uses

Answer 2

• Plants, Fungi, Bacteria produce asexually
• Our cells asexually reproduce to repair to replace damaged tissue, done by Mitosis
• Cloning

Question 3

Mitosis Process

Answer 3

Process where a cell splits identically into 2 smaller cells with the same sub-cellular structure and grow
to become 2 identical (daughter) cells

Question 4

Gametes

Answer 4

• Sex Cells (Sperm and Eggs) containing 23 single Chromosomes
• Gametes made my Meiosis, they all are different

Question 5

Sexual Reproduction

Answer 5

• Involves fusion of Male and Female Gametes, this is Fertilisation
• Offspring has Genetic information from both parents, variation in offspring, variation important for long-term survival

Question 6

Meiosis Process

Answer 6

• Takes place in Reproductive Organs, Testes/Ovaries
• Cell with 2 Sets of Chromosomes copied to become a Cell with 4 sets, halved 2 times into 4 single Chromosomes Cells called Gametes, genetically different
• 4 Gametes formed from 1 Cell
• Chromosomes are halved

Question 7

Human Cells

Answer 7

• Contain 23 pairs of Chromosomes, which is genetic information

Question 8

Fertilisation

Answer 8

• During Sexual Reproduction Gametes of both sexes fuse to create a normal human cell (23 Pairs from Chromosomes), variation in Chromosomes now
• Restores the Chromosomes lost in Meiosis

Question 9

Mitosis in Fertilisation

Answer 9

• After human cell is created, Mitosis divides it into identical cells called Embryos

Question 10

Embryos

Answer 10

Made from Mitosis during Fertilisation which develops and differentiates into other cell types: Nerve and Muscle cells to produce offspring

Question 11

Allele

Answer 11

• Different versions of the same gene

- Allele are for phenotypes

Question 12

Dominant and Recessive Alleles

Answer 12

• Dominant Allele rules over Recessive Allele
• In Punnet Square if there’s a gene with both Dominant and Recessive Allele its Heterozygous
• If same Allele then its Homozygous

Question 13

Genome

Answer 13

All the DNA in an organism

Question 14

Inheritance

Answer 14

Chromosomes in your carry DNA as genes, which have different variation (Alleles), which determine characteristics

Question 15

Heterozygous

Answer 15

2 different alleles in a gene, Aa

Question 16

Homozygous

Answer 16

Alleles in Gene are the same, AA or aa

Question 17

Environment roles of Genetics

Answer 17

Depending on your lifestyle and surroundings, genes can change into something different despite your parents genes

Question 18

Genotype

Answer 18

Mix up of Alleles for 1 characteristic, doesn’t have to be a physical, shown through letters representing the Allele, AA, Bb etc

Question 19

Phenotype

Answer 19

Variable describing the Characteristic, such as Polydactyly, CF and Hair/Eye colour

Question 20

Gene

Answer 20

Section of DNA

Question 21

Sex Chromosomes

Answer 21

Males - XY Chromosomes

Females- XX Chromosomes

Question 22

DNA Shape

Answer 22

2 strands of Polymer connected by genetic code (bases) forming the Double Helix

Question 23

Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

Answer 23

• Inherited Recessive Disorder, lot of mucus is made
• Need 2x Recessive CF Alleles for a chance of inheriting it
• Caused by disorder of Cell Membranes

Question 24

Polydactyly

Answer 24

• Growth of extra fingers/toes

- Cause by AT LEAST 1 dominant Polydactyly Allele

Question 25

IVF

Answer 25

• Zygote, created in a lab, becomes a Embryo, inserted back into Uterus to grow into Foetus
• Embryo Screening can also take place

Question 26

Embryo Screening

Answer 26

• Embryo’s Alleles can be examined if they are carriers of genetic disorders
• If Embryo is a carrier, it can be replaced
• Happens before Pregnancy

Question 27

Advantages of Embryo Screening

Answer 27

• Low risk of miscarriage / abortion not needed
• Reduce healthcare costs, less disorderly people
• Suffering reduced, less people with health problems

Question 28

Disadvantages of Embryo Screening

Answer 28

• Very Expensive
• Embryo’s can be discarded to find most desirable one with good Phenotypes, preference/prejudice
• Discarding Embryos is Unethical