C 1.1 - 1.5

Question 1

Zavodovski Island

Answer 1

• uninhabited active volcanic islands in the south Atlantic
• worlds largest penguin colonies
• 36 hours away from South Georgia islands
• 33ft cliffs with 15ft waves

Question 2

Coastal plains

Answer 2

• land gradually slopes
• deposited sediment eg, sand dunes/ mudflats/ beaches
• sometimes called alluvial coasts

Question 3

Primary coasts

Answer 3

• dominated by land based processes eg, deposition from rivers/
• new land formed by volcanic lava
  Eg, zavodovski island

Question 4

Secondary coasts

Answer 4

• dominated by marine erosion/ deposition

Eg, slapton

Question 5

Wave formation

Answer 5

• initially in open water, as energy transferred from air to water
• seabed increases friction and wave breaks

Question 6

Wave action

Answer 6

• constructive vs destructive waves

- longshore drift moves material along

Question 7

Sediment systems

Answer 7

• waves break, but vary between high and low tide points
• but can be exceeded by storm waves
• also sea level can change

Question 8

Coastal defences

Answer 8

• disrupt physical geography processes (latitudinally) eg, walls, or longitudinally eg, groynes

Question 9

Rock breakdown

Answer 9

• biological/ chemical / physical

- could lead to erosiom

Question 10

Sediment systems

Answer 10

• material is eroded
• transported along
• deposited elsewhere

Question 11

Waves are

Answer 11

• Energy moving through water

- waves move up and down in circular/ elliptical orbit

Question 12

What constitutes wave ‘size’

Answer 12

• strength
• duration
• depth
• fetch
• direction

Question 13

Wave formation

Answer 13

Shoreline/ seabed

- friction with seabed means water movement slows, wave length decreases and wave height increases

Question 14

Swell waves

Answer 14

• windless day after a storm

- still, large waves as earlier waves make their way onshore

Question 15

Constructive waves

Answer 15

• low height, long wavelength 6-8 per minute
• uninterrupted swash, starts at nearshore
• stronger swash than backwash results in sediment berm
• shingle beach has percolation, so less backwash, so steep beach

Question 16

Destructive waves

Answer 16

• high height, short wavelength 13-15/min
• slower waves approach steep beach
• still circular motion, so mass of wave goes down onto the beach
• Sandy beach has less percolation, so stronger backwash

Question 17

Coastal morphology definition

Answer 17

• is the study of natural processes ongoing at the shoreline and of the impact due to human interventions within the coastal zone

Question 18

How can types of waves change over time?

Answer 18

• seasonally - summer = constructive, winter = destructive
• daily - plunging waves become swell waves
• annually - reduced river sediment - building of dams
• coastal management- restricts supply of onshore sediment
• climate change - storms bring destructive waves

Question 19

Chesil Beach

Answer 19

• shingle barrier beach
• formed by marine transgression (sea level rise)
• 15 metres high
• exposed to English Channel and North Atlantic Ocean

Question 20

Percolation

Answer 20

Water infiltrating gaps in sediment

- How water permissible is the sediment

Question 21

Cork coastlines

Answer 21

• limestone/ sandstone
• 90o parallel geology
• some detached islands

Question 22

What’s the reality of predicting impact on coasts?

Answer 22

• chaotic determinism
• so many different bits of landscape in terms of statistic likelihood’s
• what happens when statistical likelihood forced to work together
• chances of landscape existing the same elsewhere = very close to 0

Question 23

What did William Morris Davis believe?

Answer 23

• landscapes are ‘uplifted’ by tectonics

- erosion cuts down into the landscape in a four stage model: youthful, mature, flat peneplain, then uplifted again

Question 24

Walter Penck theory

Answer 24

• uplift and denudation happen at the same time, but come places have rapid uplift, some lower

Question 25

Role of tectonic activity

Answer 25

• initially, might push sedimentary rocks up from seabed, eg limestone that makes up the coastline
• it might also fold them (plate collisions), and that creates weak points for waves to exploit
• magma might have risen to the surface, cooled, and left igneous rock; sea removed any layers above it, leaving the igneous rocks exposed and resisting wave erosion

Question 26

Textual explanation of Dalmatia’s formation 1/2

Answer 26

A Dalmatian coast was formed in Croatia where tectonics has compressed and folded layers to form peaks (anticlines) and troughs (synclines). Sub aerial weathering and river erosion has begun to wear down layers in places of weakness, river will have eroded it over time and sea level has risen since last ice age so synclines are now flooded by the Adriatic Sea. Sweater find its way into synclines channels

Question 27

Role of geological structure

Answer 27

• strata - rocks are arranged in layers
• deformation - how these layers are folded by tectonics
• faulting - fractures that happen when rocks are folded

Question 28

Geology at concordant coasts

Answer 28

Same rock type along its length, can form anticlines or synclines like at Dalmatia

Question 29

Geological structure influencing morphology

Dalmatia type

Answer 29

• river eroded, sea level rises, synclines are drowned

- long narrow islands are left

Question 30

Geological structure influencing morphology

Haff type

Answer 30

• long sediment ridges
• topped by sand dunes
• run parallel to the coast offshore
• results in a series of lagoons (haffs) between the ridges and the shore

Question 31

New Zealand

Answer 31

• NZ on convergent plate boundary
• Tongue point, New Zealand, in the cook strait, many steep clips with complex seabed
• kaikoura: experienced 7.8 EQ in nov ‘16, 4 different faults broke at once, sea bed is now 2m higher

Question 32

Isostatic change

Answer 32

• heavy ice pushes land downwards

- melting ice means that land rebounds back

Question 33

Isostatic readjustment

Answer 33

• because of soft viscous mantle, other parts of the crust also respond to changes
  Eg, rubber duck UK

Question 34

Tectonic influences

Answer 34

• plate convergence/ subduction causes sudden thrust up or down movements of sea bef

Question 35

Emergent coast

Answer 35

• characterised by raised beaches / fossil cliffs
• Emergent coastlines being produced by post glacial adjustment, a fall in SL has exposed land once part of the seabed.

Question 36

Raised beach

Answer 36

• a relict beach now above high tide level, a flat land covered by sand or rounded pebbles
• reflects a series of stages of uplift
• smaller particles are removed by waves, leaving rounded pebbles and boulders

Question 37

Fossil cliffs

Answer 37

a steep slope found at the back of a raised beach exhibiting evidence of formation through marine erosion, but now above high tide levels, like Isle of Arran has raised beach 5m above SL

Question 38

Littoral zone consists of

Answer 38

Backshore, nearshore, offshore zones

Off-> near-> fore-> back

Question 39

Coastal plains

Answer 39

• Low energy environments where deposition> erosion, so there is a net accumulation of sediment, form through a net accumulation of sediment from both offshore and terrestrial sources
• Can be sandy or estuarine coasts
• Sandy coasts - composed of sands, shingles and cobbles
• Estuarine coasts composed of mud, clay and silts

Question 40

Discordant coastlines

Answer 40

Different rock types along its length - so differing rates of erosion

Question 41

Haff coastlines

Answer 41

Haff coastlines are formed where deposition produces unconsolidated geological structures parallel to coastlines. Meltwater rivers on land beyond ice front deposited thick layers of sand and gravels onto outwash plains, as times changed and SLR, waves push ride of sands and gravel land wards. Sand ridge formed bars across many bays and river mouths, with trapped river water forming a lagoon behind - a haff

Question 42

Bays and headlands at discordant coastlines

Answer 42

In discordant coastlines, less resistance rock types erode first, to form indented bays, and more resistant don’t, to form headlands

Question 43

Morphology of discordant coasts alters the

Answer 43

distribution of wave energy and rate of erosion throng wave refraction, waves refract around headlands and thus increase rate of erosion at headlands and reduce at bays - decreasing the degree of indentation.
Can be seen in swanage bay, where inn east forest, less resistant Wealden Clays eroded in wards, but more resistant Jurassic Portland limestone forms peveril point headland to the south, projecting out by 1km

Question 44

Wave breaks when

Answer 44

wave reaches shore, touches sea bed so friction between sea bed begins to distort the wave particle orbit and slows it down, topples

Question 45

Constructive waves encouraged by _ while destructive encouraged by _

Answer 45

long shallow nearshore, so. Friction slows down the wave and releases energy

short, steep nearshore zone, so little energy loss through friction

Question 46

Beach sediment profile is

Answer 46

Pattern of distribution of different sized or shaped deposited material
- Constructive cause net movement of sediment up the breach, weaker backwash means little pebbles close to sea, but big ones up north.
- Destructive waves reduce beach gradient.

Question 47

Rocky coasts

Answer 47

high energy environments where erosion> deposition, erosion continuously moves transported and deposited sediment as well as slowly eroding the cliff