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From Flashcardlet > 0-RT103-01,02,03 new 10-13-13 > Flashcards

0-RT103-01,02,03 new 10-13-13 Flashcards

0
Q

3 Basic Rules of Radiography

A
  1. Must take minimum of 2 projections 90 degrees apart.
  2. IF JOINTS ARE INVOLVED, there is a minimum of 3 projections.
  3. Must place the part as close to the IR as possible.
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1
Q

Projection

A

The entrance and exit of the central ray

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2
Q

CR

A

Central Ray

Also: Computed Radiography

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3
Q

AP

A

Anteroposterior

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4
Q

PA

A

Posteroanterior

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5
Q

Lat

A

Lateral

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6
Q

OBL

A

Oblique: halfway between AP (or PA) and Lat

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7
Q

Ethics

A

Profession’s moral responsibility and the science of appropriate conduct towards others; Current code developed by ARRT for US

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8
Q

IR

A

Image Receptors: Device that receives the energy of the X-ray beam and forms the image of the body part.

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9
Q

5 Types of IR

A
  1. Cassette w/film
  2. Image plate
  3. Solid-state detector [eg Direct Digital Radiography (DR)]
  4. Portable digital radiography
  5. Fluoroscopic screen
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10
Q

4 Image Quality Factors

A
  1. Density (darkness)
  2. Contrast
  3. Recorded detail
  4. Distortion (size, shape)
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11
Q

Density

A

Degree of blackening (brightness in digital imaging); Controlled by mA, exposure time and mAs.

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12
Q

3 Factors Affecting Density

A
  1. mA
  2. Exposure time (seconds)
  3. Milliampere-seconds (mAs)
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13
Q

Density Comparisons

A
  1. Insufficient density (soft tissue and bone look same)
  2. Optimum density
  3. Excessive density (too dark/no soft tissue)
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14
Q

Contrast

A

The differences in adjacent densities; controlled by kVp

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15
Q

Recorded Detail

A

Ability to visualize small structures; Controlled by geometry (shape of part), film, distance, screen, focal spot size, motion (main cause of lack of detail)

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16
Q

6 Factors Affecting Recorded Detail

A
  1. Geometry (shape of part)
  2. Film
  3. Distance
  4. Screen
  5. Focal spot size
  6. Motion (main cause of lack of detail)
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17
Q

Distortion

A

Misrepresentation of the size/shape of structure; Caused by alignment, central ray, anatomical part, IR and angulation.

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18
Q

4 Types of Distortion

A
  1. Shape distortion
  2. Elongation
  3. Foreshortening
  4. Magnification
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19
Q

5 Factors Causing Distortion

A
  1. Alignment
  2. Central ray
  3. Anatomical part
  4. IR
  5. Angulation
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20
Q

Magnification

A

Type of size distortion, present in all images; Controlled by OID and SID

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21
Q

2 Factors Affecting Magnification

A
  1. OID

2. SID

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22
Q

Image Display

A

Radiographs usually viewed in anatomical position, viewed from perspective of X-ray tube with distal ends towards ceiling.
EXCEPTIONS: hands, feet, wrist, toes.

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23
Q

Basic Patient Care

A

RT is responsible during imaging procedure.
CRITICAL for RT to obtain patient’s clinical history:
- verify correct procedure ordered
- observe conditions of abnormalities to relay to radiologist

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24
Q

3 Pieces of Info that RT Must Verify

A
  1. Spell last name
  2. DOB
  3. Ask procedure that patient is there for
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25
Q

3 Types of Motion

A
  1. Voluntary
  2. Involuntary
  3. Equipment
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26
Q

6 Causes of Involuntary Motion

A
  1. Heartbeat
  2. Chills
  3. Peristalsis
  4. Tremor
  5. Spasm
  6. Pain
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27
Q

Primary Method of Controlling Involuntary Motion

A

Use shorter exposure time

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28
Q

7 Causes of Voluntary Motion

A
  1. Nervousness
  2. Discomfort
  3. Excitability
  4. Mental illness
  5. Fear
  6. Age
  7. Breathing
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29
Q

5 Ways of Controlling Voluntary Motion

A
  1. Giving clear instructions
  2. Providing patient comfort
  3. Adjusting support devices
  4. Applying immobilization
  5. Decreasing exposure time
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30
Q

4 Requirements of an Image ID

A
  1. Date
  2. Patient’s name and/or ID#
  3. RT or LT side marker
  4. Institution identity
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31
Q

[Image ID Rules - pg 27, box 1-3]

A

[get from book]

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32
Q

[8 Rules for…..pg27, box 1-3]

A

[get from book]

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33
Q

3 General IR Positions

A
  1. Longitudinal aka Length-wise (“portrait”)
  2. Horizontal aka Cross-wise (“landscape”)
  3. Corner-to-Corner
    NOTES:
    a. Position name based on IR relation to long axis of body
    b. Longitudinal placement most often used
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34
Q

Central Ray Direction:

A

aka Principal Beam:

  1. Always centered to IR (unless IR displacement is being used).
  2. Angle the CR through the part of interest to:
    a. Avoid superimposition of structures
    b. “straighten out” a curved structure
    c. Align the CR through an angled joint space
    d. Avoid distortion of an angled structure
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35
Q

Rule #1 of Radiography

A
  1. Must take minimum of 2 projections 90 degrees apart.
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36
Q

Rule # 2 of Radiography

A
  1. IF JOINTS ARE INVOLVED, there is a minimum of 3 projections.
37
Q

Rule #3 of Radiography

A
  1. Must place the part as close to the IR as possible.
38
Q

4th Rule of Radiography

A

Never use an IR that is longer than the part being image.

Use the smallest appropriate IR.

39
Q

4 Primary Exposure Factors

A
  1. Exposure time (T) in seconds (s)
  2. Milliamperage (mA)
  3. Kilovoltage Peak (kVp)
  4. Source-to-Image Distance (SID)
40
Q

2 Systems of Measurement

A
  1. Traditional (British)

2. Systeme Internationale (SI)

41
Q

Exposure Units

A

Roentgen (R)
or
SI: Coulombs per kg (C/kg)

42
Q

Roentgen (R)

A

Traditional exposure unit for quantity of radiation that’ll produce 2.08x10^9 ion pairs in 1cc of air

43
Q

Coulombs/kg (C/kg)

A

SI unit of exposure

44
Q

1 R = ____ C/kg

A

1 R = 2.58 x 10^-4 C/kg

45
Q

Absorbed Dose Units

A

Traditional: rad
or
SI: Gray (Gy)

46
Q

1 rad = ___ erg per gram of tissue

A

1 rad = 100 erg per gram of tissue

47
Q

1 Gy = __ rad

A

1 Gy = 100 rad

48
Q

1 rad = ___ Gy

A

1 rad = 0.01 Gy

49
Q

Dose Equivalent Units

A

Traditional: Roentgen Equivalent Man (rem)
or
SI: Sievert (Sv)

50
Q

rem = ___ x ___

A

rem = rad x WF

51
Q

Sievert (Sv) = ___ rem

A

Sievert (Sv) = 100 rem

52
Q

1 rem = ___ Sv

A

1 rem = 0.01 Sv

53
Q

4 Laws of Bergonie and Tribondeau

A

Cell radiosensitivity depends on:

  1. Age: younger cells more sensitive
  2. Differentiation: Nonspecialized cells more sensitive than Highly Complex Ones
  3. Metabolic Rate: Cells using energy rapidly are more sensitive than those with slower metabolism
  4. Mitotic Rate: Cells that’re rapidly dividing are more sensitive
54
Q

Short-Term Somatic Effects

A

Observed within 3 months of exposure associated with high radiation doses (>50cGy).
Further categorized according to affected system: CNS, GI, and hematologic (blood-related) effects.

55
Q

Nonstochastic Effects

A

Occur only after a certain amount of exposure has been received with severity being dose-dependent.

56
Q

Long-Term Effects

A

aka Latent Effects:

  1. May not be apparent for as many as 30 yrs
  2. Somatic Effects: Those that affect the body of the irradiated person directly
  3. Genetic Effects: Occur as a result of damage to the reproductive cells of the irradiated person and may be observed as defects in the children or grandchildren.
57
Q

Stochastic Effects

A

Effects that have no threshold exposure amount to occur;

  • Chance of occuring increases when dosage is increased
  • No correlation between dosage and severity
  • May occur from repeated small doses (eg radiography)
58
Q

3 Principal Methods of Protection

A
  1. Time
  2. Distance
  3. Shielding
59
Q

Dosimeters

A

Devices for monitoring personnel radiation exposure:

Worn at collar with label facing out

60
Q

Dose Limits for Occupationally Exposed

A

50 mSv per year

61
Q

Cumulative Lifetime Dose for Occupational Worker

A

1 rem (10 mSv) times age (in years)

62
Q

7 Principles to Minimize Patient Dose

A
  1. Avoid Errors
  2. Avoid Repeats
  3. Collimate (using smallest field possible)
  4. Use Highest kVp allowed by part/image quality (decreasing mAs reducing dose)
  5. At Least 40” SID (limits exposure from housing leakage and collimator scatter)
  6. Fast IRs
  7. Provide Shielding (gonads, eyes, breasts, thryoid)
63
Q

Gonad Shielding

A

Lead shields of at least 0.5mm that prevent unnecessary radiation to reproductive organs.
- limits genetic effects of radiation

64
Q

3 Instances When Gonadal Shielding is Required

A
  1. Patient is of reproductive age or younger
  2. Gonads are within the primary radiation field
  3. Shield will not interfere with the exam.
    NOTE: Generally applies to patients younger than 55 years.
65
Q

When is radiation exposure the greatest risk to fetus?

A

First Trimester

66
Q

Dose Limit for Pregnant Occupational Worker

A

50 mSv limit (Whole Body) over the 9-month pregnancy

67
Q

From the following list, what are the factors that MAs affect in digital imaging.

a. Visible OID
b. Contrast
c. Image noise
d. Recorded detail
e. Patient dose

A

Visible OD, Image Noise, Patient Dose

68
Q

What factor controls radiographic contrast/

A

KVp

69
Q

From the following list, what six factors control recorded detail?

a. IP phosphor (digital)
b. Screen
c. Motion
d. Distance
e. Exposure
f. Geometry
g. Focal spot size
h. mA
i. kVp

A

a. IP phosphor (digital)
b. Screen
c. Motion
d. Distance
f. Geometry
g. Focal spot size

70
Q

From the list, what two factors control radiographic magnification

a. Time, in seconds
b. mA
c. kVp
d. OID
e. SID

A

d. OID

e. SID

71
Q

True or False: All radiographs yield some degree of magnification.

A

True

72
Q

From the following list, what five factors control or affect shape distortion.

a. Alignment
b. Angulation
c. Central Ray
d. IR
e. Anatomic part
f. OID
g. SID

A

a. Alignment
b. Angulation
c. Central Ray
d. IR
e. Anatomic part

73
Q

The rythmic motion of smooth muscle structures is called?

A

Peristalsis

74
Q

What exposure factor is used to control involuntary motion?

A

Exposure time

75
Q

What body system controls the movement of voluntary muscles?

A

Central Nervous System

76
Q

Some examinations require an additional marker to indicate the _____________ after the introduction of a contrast medium.

A

Contrast medium

77
Q

What factor controls radiographic contrast?

A

kVp

78
Q

Which radiographic term refers to the degree of blackness between two adjacent areas on a radiogrph?

A

Contrast

79
Q

What factor controls shape distortion

A

Alignment

80
Q

What respiration procedure provides for lung motion, but not rib motion?

A

Slow, deep breathing

81
Q

What is the approx. distance of the pubic symphysis from the jugular notch who measures 5 feet, 3 inches/

A

22 inches

82
Q

Which type of muscle tissue produces peristalsis?

A

Smooth

83
Q

Which type of muscle tissue comprises skeletal muscle?

A

Striated

84
Q 
Which pathologic condition requires a decrease in exposure factors from the routine procedure.
a. Edema
b. Pneumonia
c. Emphysema
d, Pleural Effusion
A

Emphysema

85
Q

Which changes in exposure factors should be used to control voluntary motion that is a result of the patient’s age or mental illness?

a. Increase in mA
b. Decrease in mA
c. Increase the exposure time
d. Decrease the exposure time

A

Decrease the exposure time

86
Q

What procedure best reduces the possibility of patient controlled motion?

A

Give understandable instructions to the patient

87
Q

What side marker placement rule applies when performing an AP oblque of the cervical spine?

A

Always mark the side closest to the IR

88
Q

What is the primary purpose of collimating to the area of interest?

A

Reduces patient exposure

89
Q

How is a radiographic image quality affected when the radiation beam is restricted to the area under examination?

A

Increased radiographic contrast

90
Q

In direct digital imaging, how is collimation controlled

A

Manually by the radiographer

91
Q

The knowledge, skills, ability and behaviors that are essential for providing optimal care to defined groups of patients is termed:

A

Age-specific competence

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