Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

From Flashcardlet > 0-RT103Ch1+RT207Ch1,2,3 > Flashcards

0-RT103Ch1+RT207Ch1,2,3 Flashcards

0
Q

Cathode

A

Cathode = Filament

a. dual-focus
b. Focusing cup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

IS

A

Intensifying Screens: PRODUCE LIGHT in response to x-rays, greatly REDUCING patient DOSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

mAs in Inverse Square Law

A

mAs affects density (darkness of image) and is used to compensate for changes in SID according the the following:

mAs^1 / mAs^2 = (SID^1)squared / (SID^2)squared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

5 Characteristics of Radiation

A
  1. Travels in STRAIGHT lines at LIGHT SPEED
  2. AFFECTS photographic EMULSIONS
  3. Affects biologic tissues (IONIZES ATOMS)
  4. CanNOT be FOCUSED or REFRACTED
  5. UNDETECTABLE human senses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Exposure Indicators

A

Only method determining if an image has been over- or underexposed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

4 Settings Found on X-Ray Tube Control Panel

A
  1. mA
  2. kVp Major
  3. kVp Minor
  4. Time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Common IR Sizes (Film + Cassette)

A 
8x10 in	(20x25 cm)
10x12 in	(25x30 cm)
11x14 in	(28x35 cm)
7x17 in	(18x43 cm)
14x14 in	(35x35 cm)
14x17 in	(35x43 cm)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

14 RT Duties in Fluoro Exam

A
  1. Obtain PATIENT’S HISTORY including appropriate preprocedural preparation (eg diet, bowel cleansing)
  2. Complete necessary preprocedural PAPERWORK (eg required consent, education forms)
  3. ASSIST PATIENT in disrobing and gowning
  4. EXPLAIN procedure to patient
  5. Produce required preliminary (SCOUT) IMAGES
  6. SET CONTROL PANEL correctly for fluoroscopy and spot-film radiography
  7. POSITION patient for start of procedure
  8. PREPARE equipment for fluoroscopy
  9. INPUT patient DATA into computer for digital imaging (if applicable)
  10. Load spot-film device (if applicable)
  11. Prepare appropriate CONTRAST AGENT(S)
  12. ASSIST radiologist
  13. Take follow-up radiographs
  14. Provide postprocedural care and instructions to patient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

George Eastman

A

1914: Invented first X-ray film base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Image Detail

A

Refers to SHARPNESS of Image:

a. High Detail: edges and lines making up image are crisp and precise
b. Low Detail: lines/edges less distinctive and appear somewhat blurred or “out of focus”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

CR

A

Computed radiography: Uses an imaging plate that appears similar to a cassette:

  • contains a PHOTOSTIMULABLE PHOSPHOR rather than film
  • image is READ BY LASER and is displayed on a monitor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 Steps to Warm Up X-Ray Tube

A
  1. Turn on Power On Wall
  2. Turn on Power on X-Ray Tube Control Panel
  3. Set all settings on Control Panel to Lowest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

SID

A

Source-to-Image Receptor Distance: Distance from the x-ray tube (Source) to the IR.
- Affects x-ray beam intensity and beam divergence (field size)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

4 Avenues for Radiography Education

A
  • On-the-job training evolved into hospital-based education.
  • 1950’s: radiation therapy education became separate from radiography
  • Community colleges
  • Four-year universities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

4 Basic Requirements of X-Ray Production

A
  1. Vacuum (x-ray tube)
  2. Electron source (filament)
  3. Target for electrons (anode)
  4. High potential difference (voltage) between the electron source and the target (opposite charges attract)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Film Storage

A
  • Stored in an area protected from radiation and chemical processing fumes (reduces risk of fog)
  • Boxes stored upright on end
  • Oldest film used first (before expiration date)
  • Proper handling reduces artifacts:
    a. clean, dry hands
    b. clean work surfaces
    c. No bending
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Crooke’s Tube

A

1870’s-1880’s: First device that produced X-rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

kV

A

Kilovoltage: Measure of the POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE across the x-ray tube.

  • Determines SPEED OF ELECTRONS in the electron stream
  • Provides KINETIC ENERGY each electron has when it collides with the target, which determines the x-ray photon energy, expressed by the wavelength of the photons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Michael Idvorsky Pupin

A

Demonstrated the radiographic use of FLUORESCENT SCREENS (predecessor to intensifying screens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Grids and Buckeys

A

Devices used to reduce the effect of scatter radiation on image quality; PREVENTS SCATTER from reaching the IR.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Image Intensifier

A

Allows image to be viewed in ambient light rather than in the dark (original images were very dim)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cassettes

A

Film holder with both sides lined by intensifying screens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

William Coolidge

A

Designed the first “HOT CATHODE” X-ray tube which became the prototype for modern X-ray tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Optical Density

A

Determined as the OVERALL BLACKNESS of an image;
In film/screen, density is controlled by mAs (Greater mAs = Darker image)
BUT
In digital imaging, the computer processing of the image doesn’t allow image to become darker from using more mAs; Exposure indicator value is the only way to determine overexposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Overview of Radiographic Procedure

A
  1. X-ray photons pass through the patient in a variety of interactions based on the tissue types
  2. The x-ray photons that exit the patient strike the IR to create the latent image
  3. The manifest image is obtained depending the the IR type: Viewed on film or on a monitor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Thomas Edison

A
  • Developed FIRST FLUOROSCOPE.

- Developed many of the FLUORESCENT MATERIALS used in today’s imaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

EM Energy

A

Electromagnetic Energy: X-Rays have electrical and magnetic properties, traveling 90 degrees from eachother in a straight line at the speed of light.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Primary X-Ray Beam and 4 Surrounding Parts

A
  1. Primary X-ray beam
  2. Focal spot
  3. Radiation field
  4. Central ray
  5. Collimator
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Anode

A

Anode = Target

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

4 Main Duties of RT

A
  1. POSITION the patient’s ANATOMY to be imaged over the image receptor (IR)
  2. ALIGNS the x-ray TUBE (beam or central ray)
  3. SETS exposure FACTORS
  4. ACTIVATES the exposure SWITCH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Transformer

A

PROVIDES the HIGH VOLTAGE necessary to produce x-rays; Connected to the x-ray tube via cables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Fluoroscent Equipment

A
  • Provides dynamic anatomic images (i.e. Images in motion).

- Allows radiologist to view and record images at the same time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Photon

A

Smallest unit of EM energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Image Contrast

A

Defined as the DIFFERENCE in the optical DENSITY of adjacent STRUCTURES within the image (primarily controlled by kVp).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

3 Basic Steps of Film Processing

A
  1. Film is removed from the cassette and is placed in the processor in a darkroom.
  2. Cassette is reloaded with unexposed film from the film bin usually located under the counter
  3. Passboxes may be used to transfer cassettes to/from darkroom
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

SHORTER wavelengths = ___ energy and ___ penetration of tissues

A

SHORTER wavelengths = MORE energy and GREATER penetration of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

mAs

A

Product of mA and exposure time (in seconds):

mA x time (s) = mAs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

An Increase in kVp = _______ Wavelength X-Rays

A

An Increase in kVp = SHORTER Wavelength X-Rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Effects of SID and OID on Detail

A

Increase in SID = Increased Detail

Decrease in OID = Decreased Detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Charles Daly

A

Thomas Edison’s ASSISTANT;

1904: FIRST DEATH from X-ray exposure in US (which caused Edison to cease his X-ray research)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

2 Basic Types of Filmless Systems

A
  1. Computed radiography (CR)

2. Digital radiography (DR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

mA Settings for Most Machines

A

Most machines have mA settings from 50 to 500 (in increments of 50 to 100)

  • Others may have higher settings up to 1500 mA
  • mA setting also selects the large or small filament (focal spot size) where higher mA selects larger focal spot sizes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Shape Distortion

A

Caused by UNEQUAL MAGNIFICATION of the parts in the subject:

a. Part PARALLEL with the IR = LESS distortion
b. Central ray PERPENDICULAR to the part = LESS distortion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

mA

A

Milliamperage: Indication of the NUMBER of x-ray PHOTONS produced per SECOND.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Higher kVp = ___ contrast (___shades of gray)

A

Higher kVp = LOWER contrast (MORE SHADES of gray)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

4 Factors of Image Quality

A
  1. Density
  2. Contrast
  3. Detail
  4. Distortion
    Visibility of image is determined by overall blackness and differences between the blackness (density and contrast)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Greater mAs = _____ x-ray photons = _____ image

A

Greater mAs = MORE x-ray photons = DARKER image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

February 1896

A

FIRST documented MEDICAL USE of X-ray in US (boy’s fractured wrist) at Dartmouth College

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Wilhelm Roentgen

A
  • Nov 8, 1895: DISCOVERED X-RAYS produced by CROOKE’S TUBE.

- Produced the FIRST ANATOMIC RADIOGRAPH (his wife’s hand)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Lower kVp = ___contrast (___ shades of gray)

A

Lower kVp = HIGHER contrast (FEWER shades of gray)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

X-Ray Tube Support

A 
Provides support and mobility for the tube.
2 Types:
   1. Ceiling mount (photo)
   2. Floor stand
Electronic locks keep tube in place.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Film

A

Composed of polyester base coated on both sides with emulsion; made to be sensitive to light emitted by IS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Technique Charts

A

Provide recommended prime exposure factors for various exams and patient sizes.
Some machines have “anatomic programs” which sets recommended techniques based on part and size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Upright Image Receptor Units

A

Device that holds the IR and/or a bucky (grid) in a vertical position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

H.C. Snook

A

Discovered INTERRUPTERLESS TRANSFORMERS that provided the necessary electricity for X-ray production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Higher kVp = ___ penetrating x-ray beam = ___ image

A

Higher kVp = MORE penetrating x-ray = DARKER image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Scatter Radiation

A

Created when a PORTION of an x-ray photon’s ENERGY is ABSORBED;
Primary SOURCE of occupational radiation EXPOSURE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Size Distortion is _____

A

Size Distortion is MAGNIFICATION, affected by SID and OID:

Increased SID or Decreased OID = Less Magnification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

First X-Ray Technicians

A

Assistants to/followed by/trained by Physicians who developed first x-ray procedures to demonstrate anatomic structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Sine Waves

A

REPEATING SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORMS created by changes in the EM field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Inverse Square Law

A

States that the intensity of the radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance.

  I^1/I^2 = (D^2)squared / (D^1)squared
where:
I^1 = original beam intensity
I^2 = new beam intensity
D^1 = original SID
D^2 = new SID
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Quanta

A

BUNDLES of photons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Distortion

A

Refers to the VARIATION of the SIZE or SHAPE of the IMAGE in COMPARISON the to OBJECT it represents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

DR

A

Digital Radiography: Has no cassettes and doesn’t require a separate processor/reader.
- After exposure, the image appears on the monitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

SID

A

Source-to-Image Distance: Distance from Anode (Source) to the IR, affecting MAGNIFICATION, recorded DETAIL and patient DOSE.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

rem = ___ x ___

A

rem = rad x WF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

4 Types of Distortion

A
  1. Shape distortion
  2. Elongation
  3. Foreshortening
  4. Magnification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

5 Ways of Controlling Voluntary Motion

A
  1. Giving clear instructions
  2. Providing patient comfort
  3. Adjusting support devices
  4. Applying immobilization
  5. Decreasing exposure time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Density

A

Degree of blackening (brightness in digital imaging); Controlled by mA, exposure time and mAs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

6 Factors Affecting Recorded Detail

A
  1. Geometry (shape of part)
  2. Film
  3. Distance
  4. Screen
  5. Focal spot size
  6. Motion (main cause of lack of detail)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

CR

A

Computed Radiography: Uses a Phosphor IMAGING PLATE (IP) as its IR.
- After exposure, IP is read by digital reader (computed)
- Image is displayed on monitor
NOTE: Optimum kVp isn’t essential to image quality but slightly higher kVp yields better images

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Lat

A

Lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Ethics

A

Profession’s moral responsibility and the science of appropriate conduct towards others; Current code developed by ARRT for US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

3 Pieces of Info that RT Must Verify

A
  1. Spell last name
  2. DOB
  3. Ask procedure that patient is there for
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

7 Causes of Voluntary Motion

A
  1. Nervousness
  2. Discomfort
  3. Excitability
  4. Mental illness
  5. Fear
  6. Age
  7. Breathing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Coulombs/kg (C/kg)

A

SI unit of exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

2 Systems of Measurement

A
  1. Traditional (British)

2. Systeme Internationale (SI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Basic Patient Care

A

RT is responsible during imaging procedure.
CRITICAL for RT to obtain patient’s clinical history:
- verify correct procedure ordered
- observe conditions of abnormalities to relay to radiologist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

3 Effects of SID Changes

A
  1. Magnification: longer SID reduces magnification
  2. Recorded Detail: longer SID increases recorded detail
  3. Patient Dose: longer SID decreases patient dose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Rule #3 of Radiography

A
  1. Must place the part as close to the IR as possible.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

4 Primary Exposure Factors

A
  1. Exposure time (T) in seconds (s)
  2. Milliamperage (mA)
  3. Kilovoltage Peak (kVp)
  4. Source-to-Image Distance (SID)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Image Display

A

Radiographs usually viewed in anatomical position, viewed from perspective of X-ray tube with distal ends towards ceiling.
EXCEPTIONS: hands, feet, wrist, toes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

3 General IR Positions

A
  1. Longitudinal aka Length-wise (“portrait”)
  2. Horizontal aka Cross-wise (“landscape”)
  3. Corner-to-Corner aka Diagonal (“diamond”)
    NOTES:
    a. Position name based on IR relation to long axis of body
    b. Longitudinal placement most often used
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Magnification

A

Type of size distortion, present in all images; Controlled by OID and SID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

5 Factors Causing Distortion

A
  1. Alignment
  2. Central ray
  3. Anatomical part
  4. IR
  5. Angulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Distortion

A

Misrepresentation of the size/shape of structure; Caused by alignment, central ray, anatomical part, IR and angulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Dosimeters

A

Devices for monitoring personnel radiation exposure:

Worn at collar with label facing out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

3 Factors Affecting Density

A
  1. mA
  2. Exposure time (seconds)
  3. Milliampere-seconds (mAs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

8 Rules for Specific Marker Placement

A
  1. For AP and PA projections that include R and L sides of body (eg head, spine, chest, ABD, pelvis, R marker typically used.
  2. For LAT projections of head and trunk (eg head, spine, chest, ABD, pelvis), always mark side closest to IR.
  3. For OBL projections that include R and L sides of body (eg spine, chest, ABD), the side down, or nearest IR, is typically marked. For a Right Posterior Oblique (RPO) position, mark R side.
  4. For Limb Projections, use appropriate R or L. Marker must be placed within edge of collimated beam.
  5. For limb projections done with 2 images on same IR, only 1 of the projections needs mark.
  6. For limb projections where R and L sides are imaged side by side on 1 IR (eg R and L, AP knees), R and L markers required to identify each side clearly.
  7. For AP, PA or OBL chest projections, marker is placed on upper-outer corner so that thoracic anatomy isn’t obscured.
  8. For decubitus positions of chest and ABD, R or L marker should always be placed on the side up (opposite the side laid on) and away from anatomy of interest.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Nonstochastic Effects

A

Occur only after a certain amount of exposure has been received with severity being dose-dependent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

OBL

A

Oblique: halfway between AP (or PA) and Lat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Density Comparisons

A
  1. Insufficient density (soft tissue and bone look same)
  2. Optimum density
  3. Excessive density (too dark/no soft tissue)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

6 Causes of Involuntary Motion

A
  1. Heartbeat
  2. Chills
  3. Peristalsis
  4. Tremor
  5. Spasm
  6. Pain
93
Q

Rule #1 of Radiography

A
  1. Must take minimum of 2 projections 90 degrees apart.
94
Q

Dose Limits for Occupationally Exposed

A

50 mSv per year

95
Q

5 Types of IR

A
  1. Cassette w/film
  2. Image plate
  3. Solid-state detector [eg Direct Digital Radiography (DR)]
  4. Portable digital radiography
  5. Fluoroscopic screen
96
Q

When is radiation exposure the greatest risk to fetus?

A

First Trimester

97
Q

4 Image Quality Factors

A
  1. Density (darkness)
  2. Contrast
  3. Recorded detail
  4. Distortion (size, shape)
98
Q

CR

A

Central Ray

Also: Computed Radiography

99
Q

1 rem = ___ Sv

A

1 rem = 0.01 Sv

100
Q

IR

A

Image Receptors: Device that receives the energy of the X-ray beam and forms the image of the body part.

101
Q

4th Rule of Radiography

A

Never use an IR that is longer than the part being image.

Use the smallest appropriate IR.

102
Q

Contrast

A

The differences in adjacent densities; controlled by kVp

103
Q

3 Principal Methods of Protection

A
  1. Time
  2. Distance
  3. Shielding
104
Q

Primary Method of Controlling Involuntary Motion

A

Use shorter exposure time

105
Q

Projection

A

The entrance and exit of the central ray

106
Q

1 rad = ___ Gy

A

1 rad = 0.01 Gy

107
Q

Recorded Detail

A

Ability to visualize small structures; Controlled by geometry (shape of part), film, distance, screen, focal spot size, motion (main cause of lack of detail)

108
Q

3 Basic Rules of Radiography

A
  1. Must take minimum of 2 projections 90 degrees apart.
  2. IF JOINTS ARE INVOLVED, there is a minimum of 3 projections.
  3. Must place the part as close to the IR as possible.
109
Q

Dose Equivalent Units

A

Traditional: Roentgen Equivalent Man (rem = rad x WF)

or

SI: Sievert (Sv = Gy x WF)

110
Q

Dose Limit for Pregnant Occupational Worker

A

50 mSv limit (Whole Body) over the 9-month pregnancy

111
Q

3 Instances When Gonadal Shielding is Required

A
  1. Patient is of reproductive age or younger
  2. Gonads are within the primary radiation field
  3. Shield will not interfere with the exam.
    NOTE: Generally applies to patients younger than 55 years.
112
Q

Central Ray Direction:

A

aka Principal Beam:

  1. Always centered to IR (unless IR displacement is being used).
  2. Angle the CR through the part of interest to:
    a. Avoid superimposition of structures
    b. “straighten out” a curved structure
    c. Align the CR through an angled joint space
    d. Avoid distortion of an angled structure
113
Q

4 Requirements of an Image ID

A
  1. Date
  2. Patient’s name and/or ID#
  3. RT or LT side marker
  4. Institution identity
114
Q

Standardized SIDs

A
  1. 40” (102cm) - Normally used on most exams
  2. 48” (122cm) - Increased recently per faster and more flexible IRs
  3. 72” (183cm) - Used on exams with increased OID to reduce magnification
115
Q

3 Times Requiring Shielding

A
  1. Gonads lie within or close to X-ray field
  2. Clinical objective isn’t compromised
  3. Patient has reasonable reproductive potential
116
Q

4 Laws of Bergonie and Tribondeau

A

Cell radiosensitivity depends on:

  1. Age: younger cells more sensitive
  2. Differentiation: Nonspecialized cells more sensitive than Highly Complex Ones
  3. Metabolic Rate: Cells using energy rapidly are more sensitive than those with slower metabolism
  4. Mitotic Rate: Cells that’re rapidly dividing are more sensitive
117
Q

Stochastic Effects

A

Effects that have no threshold exposure amount to occur;

  • Chance of occuring increases when dosage is increased
  • No correlation between dosage and severity
  • May occur from repeated small doses (eg radiography)
118
Q

AP

A

Anteroposterior

119
Q

Exposure Units

A

Roentgen (R)
or
SI: Coulombs per kg (C/kg)

120
Q

1 rad = ___ erg per gram of tissue

A

1 rad = 100 erg per gram of tissue

121
Q

Gonad Shielding

A

Lead shields of at least 0.5mm that prevent unnecessary radiation to reproductive organs.
- limits genetic effects of radiation

122
Q

PA

A

Posteroanterior

123
Q

7 Principles to Minimize Patient Dose

A
  1. Avoid Errors
  2. Avoid Repeats
  3. Collimate (using smallest field possible)
  4. Use Highest kVp allowed by part/image quality (decreasing mAs reducing dose)
  5. At Least 40” SID (limits exposure from housing leakage and collimator scatter)
  6. Fast IRs
  7. Provide Shielding (gonads, eyes, breasts, thryoid)
124
Q

Long-Term Effects

A

aka Latent Effects:

  1. May not be apparent for as many as 30 yrs
  2. Somatic Effects: Those that affect the body of the irradiated person directly
  3. Genetic Effects: Occur as a result of damage to the reproductive cells of the irradiated person and may be observed as defects in the children or grandchildren.
125
Q

Cumulative Lifetime Dose for Occupational Worker

A

1 rem (10 mSv) times age (in years)

126
Q

Absorbed Dose Units

A

Traditional: rad
or
SI: Gray (Gy)

127
Q

1 Gy = __ rad

A

1 Gy = 100 rad

128
Q

3 Types of Motion

A
  1. Voluntary
  2. Involuntary
  3. Equipment
129
Q

Roentgen (R)

A

Traditional exposure unit for quantity of radiation that’ll produce 2.08x10^9 ion pairs in 1cc of air

130
Q

Short-Term Somatic Effects

A

Observed within 3 months of exposure associated with high radiation doses (>50cGy).
Further categorized according to affected system: CNS, GI, and hematologic (blood-related) effects.

131
Q

Sievert (Sv) = ___ rem

A

Sievert (Sv) = 100 rem

132
Q

Rule # 2 of Radiography

A
  1. IF JOINTS ARE INVOLVED, there is a minimum of 3 projections.
133
Q

2 Factors Affecting Magnification

A
  1. OID

2. SID

134
Q

1 R = ____ C/kg

A

1 R = 2.58 x 10^-4 C/kg

135
Q

6 Pathologies Requiring Decreased Technique

A
  1. Old age
  2. Pneumothorax
  3. Emphysema
  4. Emaciation
  5. Degenerative arthritis
  6. Atrophy
136
Q

6 Pathologies Requiring INCREASED Technique

A
  1. Pneumonia
  2. Pleural effusion
  3. Hydrocephalus
  4. Enlarged heart
  5. Edema
  6. Ascites (fluid in GI area)
137
Q

3 Pre-Exposure Instructions

A
  1. Many projections require patients to suspend respirations at full inspiration or expiration
  2. RTs should instruct patients prior to making exposure
  3. Most exposures are made on deep inspiration, typically on 2nd breath in
138
Q

Obesity

A

Increase in body weight by an excessive accumulation of fat (doubling since 1998):

  • Measured by BMI
  • 30-39.9BMI is obese
  • > 40BMI is morbidly obese
139
Q

Empathetic Communication

A
  1. Avoid mentioning weight

2. Explain number of personnel required to safely move/transfer patient

140
Q

5 Musts to Transfer/Move Safely

A
  1. Ensure table can support patient weight
  2. Always get adequate # of personnel
  3. Communicate each part of the transfer process to patient
  4. Explain positioning required for imaging procedure
  5. Provide support and assistance to maximize patient comfort/security
141
Q

4 Tips to Localize Parts

A
  1. Most palpable landmarks aren’t accessible in morbidly obese
  2. Never prod patient unnecessarily
  3. Pubic symphysis can be found by using the following measurements from the jugular notch based on patient height:
    a. <5’ : 21”
    b. 5’-6’ : 22”
    c. >6’ : 24”
142
Q

EM Energy Equation

A

Velocity = Wavelength x Frequency

143
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

From High-Energy (Short-Wavelength) to Low-Energy (Long-Wavelength):
Cosmic Rays, therapeutic x-rays, gamma rays, diagnostic x-rays, UV, visible light, infrared, radar, TV, radio

144
Q

EM Energy Equation

A

Velocity = Wavelength x Frequency

146
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

From High-Energy (Short-Wavelength) to Low-Energy (Long-Wavelength): Cosmic rays, therapeutic x-rays, gamma rays, diagnostic x-rays, UV, visible light, infrared, radar, TV, radio.

147
Q

Ethic #1

A

RT CONDUCTS him/herself in PROFESSIONAL manner, RESPONDS TO PATIENT needs, and SUPPORTS COLLEAGUES and associates in providing HIGH QUALITY PATIENT CARE.

148
Q

Ethic #2

A

RT acts to ADVANCE principal objective of the profession to provide services to humanity with full respect for DIGNITY of mankind.

149
Q

Ethic #3

A

RT delivers patient car and service UNRESTRICTED by the concerns of personal attributes or the nature of the disease or illness, and without discrimination on basis of sex, race, creed, religion or socioeconomic status.

150
Q

Ethic #4

A

RT PRACTICES Technology founded on theoretical knowledge and concepts, uses equipment and accessories Consistent with the Purposes for which they were Designed, and employs procedures and techniques Appropriately.

151
Q

Ethic #5

A

RT ASSESSES situations, EXERCISES Care, Discretion and Judgement, ASSUMES Responsibility for professional Decisions, and acts in the BEST INTERESTS of the Patient.

152
Q

Ethic #6

A

RT acts as agent through observation and communication to Obtain Pertinent Information for the physician to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of the patient and recognizes that Interpretation and Diagnosis are OUTSIDE the SCOPE of practice for the profession.

153
Q

Ethic #7

A

RT uses equipment and accessories, employs techniques and procedures, performs services in accordance with an accepted standard of practice, and demonstrates expertise in MINIMIZING RADIATION EXPOSURE to patient, self, and other members of health care team.

154
Q

Ethic #8

A

RT PRACTICES ETHICAL CONDUCT appropriate to the profession and protects the PATIENTS RIGHT to high-quality radiologic technology CARE.

155
Q

Ethic #9

A

RT RESPECTS CONFIDENCES ENTRUSTED in the course of professional practice, respects patients right to privacy, and reveals confidential information only as required by law or to protect the welfare of the individual or the community.

156
Q

Ethic #10

A

RT CONTINUALLY STRIVES TO IMPROVE knowledge and skills by participating in continuing education and professional activities, sharing knowledge with colleagues, and investigating new aspects of professional practice.

157
Q

4 Main Factors Affecting Radiographic Quality

A
  1. Density
  2. Detail
  3. Contrast
  4. Distortion
158
Q

5 Factors Affecting Density

A

From Most to Least Influential (relationship in parentheses:

  1. mA (direct)
  2. Time (direct)
  3. kVp (direct)
  4. Distance (inverse)
  5. Thickness/Type of Part/Pathology (inverse)
159
Q

7 Factors Affecting Detail

A

From Most to Least Influential:

  1. Motion
  2. Focal Spot Size
  3. SID
  4. OID
  5. Screen speed
  6. Geometry
  7. Film Type
160
Q

5 Factors Affecting Contrast

A

From Most to Least Influential:

  1. kVp (direct relationship)
  2. Grids
  3. Collimations (plus Air Gap, Cones, etc.)
  4. Filters
  5. Film Holder Type (Screen vs Cardboard)
161
Q

2 Types of Distortion

A
  1. Size Distortion (aka Magnification)

2. Shape Distortion

162
Q

2 Factors Affecting Size Distortion

A
  1. OID

2. SID

163
Q

3 Factors Affecting Shape Distortion

A
  1. Tube Angle
  2. Body Part Angle (eg Oblique)
  3. Mis-Alignment: Not Centering Part of interest to center of x-ray tube and film alignment.
164
Q

12 Items Found on “Position Summary” Form

A
  1. Examination:
  2. Projection:
  3. Anatomy Demonstrated & Structures Shown:
  4. Tabletop: OR Buckey:
  5. SID:
  6. IR Size: in CM: and/or IN: plus if CW or LW
  7. Position of Patient:
  8. Radiation Protection: (if any)
  9. Immobilization: (if any)
    10; Central Ray: (eg Perpendicular)
  10. Angulation: (if any)
  11. Picture or Diagram:
165
Q

Choosing Tabletop VS Buckey

A

TABLETOP: Use when part is LESS THAN 12cm.

BUCKEY: If part is OVER 12cm.

166
Q

6 Steps for Darkroom STARTUP

A
  1. CLOSE WATER Pump Valve
  2. Turn ON WATER SUPPLY Valve
  3. PLACE CROSSOVERS for Developer-Fixer and Fixer-Washer
  4. Turn ON PROCESSOR
  5. WAIT 15 mins for Warm-Up (until Developer Temp > 30.0 and Dryer Temp Set at 4.
  6. RUN 2 CLEAN UP FILMS After Warm-Up
167
Q

4 Steps for Darkroom SHUTDOWN

A
  1. OFF Processor and Wall Circuit Breaker
  2. REMOVE COVER to TAKE OUT/WASH:
    a. Evap Covers for Developer + Fixer
    b. Developer-Fixer and Fixer-Wash Crossovers
  3. OFF WATER Valve
  4. OPEN WATER DUMP Valve (Only)
168
Q

WF

A

Weighting Factor: Assigned to each to of radiation based on its absorbed energy in a mass of tissue and its relative biologic effect compared with x-rays; Used to simplify process of measuring occupational dose.

168
Q

If part is less than 12 cm, is IR Cassette-Loaded OR is it Placed TableTop?

A

TABLETOP.
Any part less than 12 cm has IR placed tabletop with part placed directly onto IR (and not cassette-loaded under table surface)

169
Q

3 Types of X-Ray Beam Attenuation

A
  1. Primary
  2. Scatter
  3. Remnant (Exit)
170
Q

Primary Radiation

A

Primary Radiation is the x-ray beam that leaves the tube and ISN’T ATTENUATED, EXCEPT BY AIR.

  • Direction and location and PREDICTABLE/CONTROLLABLE
  • Energy CONTROLLED BY KVP
171
Q

Scatter Radiation

A

Scatter Radiation is created as a RESULT OF ATTENUATION of the primary beam BY MATTER.

  • Travels in ALL DIRECTIONS and is DIFFICULT TO CONTROL
  • Generally has LESS ENERGY than primary beam
172
Q

Remnant (Exit) Radiation

A

What REMAINS of primary beam AFTER ATTENUATION by matter.

  • Contains PATTERN of densities from DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION
  • PATTERN OF INTENSITY of remnant radiation CREATES RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE
173
Q

Radiation Field

A

a CROSS-SECTION of the X-RAY BEAM

174
Q

5 Tube Motions

A
  1. Longitudinal
  2. Transverse
  3. Vertical
  4. Rotation
  5. Angulation
175
Q

Grids and Buckys are generally used only for body parts that measure more than ____cm in thickness

A

Grids and Buckys are generally used only for body parts that measure more than 10 to 12 cm in thickness

176
Q

Radiation Weighting Factors

A 
Radiation Type:	WF:
Photons			1
Electrons/muons	1
Protons			2
Charged pions		2
Alpha Particles	20
Fission fragments	20
Heavy ions		20
Neutrons			(A continuous function of neutron energy)
177
Q

List Opposites for Each Category of Radiation Effects:
Somatic vs _____
Short-term vs _____
Nonstochastic vs _____

A

Categories of Radiation Effects:
Somatic vs GENETIC
Short-term vs LONG-TERM
Nonstochastic vs STOCHASTIC

178
Q

Are Non-Stochastic Effects PREDICTABLE OR RANDOM?

A

NON-STOCHASTIC effects are PREDICTABLE

179
Q

Are Stochastic Effects predicable or random?

A

STOCHASTIC EFFECTS are RANDOM

180
Q

Effects from HIGH DOSES tend to be:

A

Effects from HIGH DOSES tend to be SOMATIC, SHORT-TERM and PREDICTABLE.

181
Q

Effects from LOW DOSES tend to be:

A

Effects from LOW DOSES tend to be LONG-TERM and RANDOMLY UNPREDICTABLE with LOWER risk OCCURENCE

182
Q

6 Considerations When Moving A Patient

A
  1. Patient should be MOVED as LITTLE as possible
  2. RT should NEVER TRY to LIFT patient ALONE
  3. To PREVENT STRAINING the BACK, RT should FLEX the KNEES, STRAIGHTEN the BACK, and BEND from the HIPS
  4. WHEN a PATIENT’S SHOULDERS are LIFTED, the HEAD should be SUPPORTED. While HOLDING the HEAD with ONE HAND, one SLIDES the OPPOSITE ARM UNDER the SHOULDERS and GRASPS the AXILLA so that the HEAD can REST on the BEND OF THE ELBOW when the patient is raised
  5. When MOVING the patient’s HIPS, the KNEES are FLEXED FIRST. Patients may be able to raise themselves in this position. If not, LIFTING the BODY WHEN the patient’s KNEES ARE BENT is easier.
  6. When a helpless patient NEEDS TO BE MOVED to a RADIOGRAPHIC TABLE from a stretcher or bed, patient should be MOVED by AT LEAST 4 and PREFERABLY 6 PEOPLE. The STRETCHER is PLACED PARALLEL TO and TOUCHING THE TABLE.
183
Q

Whole Body (Annual) Dose Limit for Occupational Workers (Type of Effects)

A

5,000 mrem/year (STOCHASTIC Effects)

184
Q

Annual Occupational Dose Limit for Lens of Eye

A

15,000 mrem/yr (NON-STOCHASTIC Effects)

185
Q

Annual Occupational Dose Limit for Extremities and Skin

A

50,000 mrem/yr (NON-STOCHASTIC Effects)

186
Q

Fetal Dose Limit (Entire Gestation)

A

500 mrem/gestation

187
Q

Monthly Fetal Dose Limit

A

50 mrem/month

188
Q

Annual General Population Dose Limit

A

100 mrem/yr

189
Q

Alara Levels 1-2-3 for Whole Body (Monthly)

A

Level 1: 100 mrem/month
Level 2: 300 mrem/month
Level 3: 500 mrem/month

190
Q

Alara Levels 1-2-3 for Whole Body (Quarterly)

A

Level 1: 300 mrem
Level 2: 900 mrem
Level 3: 1500 mrem

191
Q

Alara Levels 1-2-3 for Extremity (Monthly)

A

Level 1: 1000 mrem/month
Level 2: 1000 mrem/month
Level 3: 5000 mrem/month

192
Q

Alara Levels 1-2-3 for Extremity (Quarterly)

A

Level 1: 300 mrem
Level 2: 3000 mrem
Level 3: 15,000 mrem

193
Q

Alara Levels 1-2-3 for Declared Pregnant Worker (Monthly)

A

Level 1: 20 mrem/month
Level 2: 40 mrem/month
Level 3: 50 mrem/month

194
Q

In the Event of ALARA LEVEL I:

A

RSO is NOTIFIED and REPORT is FILED

195
Q

In the Event of ALARA LEVEL II:

A

Report of Unusual Radiation Exposure (RURE) is GIVEN to BADGED employee/student

196
Q

In the Event of ALARA Level III:

A

Report of Unusual Radiation Exposure (RURE) is GIVEN to BADGED employee/student

197
Q

Actual mA Settings on Control Console

A 
6 Buttons (S=Small and L=Large):
25-S	
50-S
100-S
150-L
200-L
300-L
198
Q

Actual “TIME seconds” Settings on Control Console

A

24 Buttons:
1/120, 1/60, 1/40, ? , 1/24, 1/20, 1/15, 1/10, 1/8, 3/20, 2/10, 1/4, 3/10, 4/10, 1/2, 6/10, 8/10, 1.0, 1.25, 1.50, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0

199
Q

Actual “KVP” Settings on Control Console

A

9 KV MAJOR Buttons: 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120

5 KV MINOT Buttons: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8

200
Q

Actual “MODE” Buttons on Control Console

A 
4 Buttons:
Bucky 1,
Bucky 2,
AUX 1, 
AUX 2
201
Q

Actual “EXPOSURE” Buttons on Control Console

A

3 Buttons:
PREP,
EXPOSURE,
OVER-LOAD

202
Q

1 inch = ____ centimeters

A

1” = 2.54 cm

203
Q

1 centimeter = _____inch

A

1 cm = 0.3937”

204
Q

40 inch SID = __ meter

A

40” SID = 1m (approximately)

205
Q

Most Common Film Size for Mammography

A

18 x 24 cm

206
Q

Most Common Film Size for General Examinations

A

8 x 10 inches

207
Q

Most Common Film Size for Fluoroscopic Spots

A

24 x 24 cm

208
Q

Most Common Film Size for General Exams and Mammography

A

24 x 30 cm

209
Q

Most Common Film Size for General Exams (Grid Cassettes)

A

10 x 12 inches

210
Q

Most Common Film Size for Forearms and Legs

A

18 x 4

211
Q

Most Common Film Size for Upright Spine

A

14 x 36 inches

212
Q

Most Common Film Size for Upright Hip-to-Ankle

A

14 x 51 inches

213
Q

Central Ray is ANGLED Through the PART of Interest Under the Following 4 CONDITIONS:

A
  1. When OVERLYING/UNDERLYING STRUCTURES MUST NOT BE SUPERIMPOSED.
  2. When a CURVED STRUCTURE (eg Sacrum or Coccyx) MUST NOT BE STACKED on ITSELF
  3. When PROJECTION THROUGH ANGLED JOINTS (eg Knee Joint or Lumbosacral Junction) IS NECESSARY
  4. When PROJECTION THROUGH ANGLED STRUCTURES MUST BE OBTAINED WITHOUT FORESHORTENING or ELONGATION, such as with a lateral image of the neck of the femur
214
Q

SSD

A

Source-to-Skin Distance: Distance between the X-ray tube and the skin of the patient.

215
Q

2 NCRP Regulations on SSD

A
  1. SSD SHALL NOT be LESS THAN 12” (30cm)

2. SSD SHOULD NOT be LESS THAN 15” (38cm)

216
Q

Bone Marrow Doses (mrad) for: Skull, Cervical Spine, Chest, Stomach/UpperGI, Gallbladder, LumbarSpine, IV Urography, ABD, Pelvis, Limb

A 
Skull	 = 10 mrad
Cervical Spine = 20 mrad
Chest = 2 mrad
Stomach/UpperGI = 100 mrad
Gallbladder = 80 mrad
LumbarSpine = 60 mrad
IV Urography = 25 mrad
ABD = 30 mrad
Pelvis = 20 mrad
Limb = 2 mrad
217
Q

Manual Exposure Technique for Sternum-PA Oblique

A

20 cm > 65 kVp > 0.22 sec > 200s mA > 45 mAs > 30” SID > 10x12” IR > 306 mrad dose

218
Q

Manual Exposure Technique for Sternum-Lateral

A

29 cm >

219
Q

Manual Exposure Technique for SC Articulations-PA

A

17 cm > 65 kVp > 200s mA > BOTTOM AEC > 40” SID > 8x10” IR > 195 mrad dose

220
Q

Manual Exposure Technique for SC Articulations-PA Oblique

A

18 cm > 65 kVp > 0.15 secs > 200s mA > 30 mAs > 40” SID > 8x10” IR > 208 mrad dose

221
Q

Manual Exposure Technique for Upper Anterior Ribs-PA

A

21 cm > 70 kVp > 0.16 secs > 200s mA > 32 mAs > 40” SID > 14x17” IR > 60 mrad dose

222
Q

Manual Exposure Technique for Posterior Ribs-AP Upper

A

21 cm > 70 kVp > 0.16 secs > 200s mA > 32 mAs > 40” SID > 14x17” IR > 60 mrad dose

223
Q

Manual Exposure Technique for Posterior Ribs-AP Lower

A

21 cm > 70 kVp > 200s mA > TOP 2 AEC > 40” SID > 14x17” IR > 159 mrad dose

224
Q

Manual Exposure Technique for Ribs-Axillary-AP Oblique

A

23 cm > 70 kVp > 0.16 secs > 200s mA > 32 mAs > 40” SID > 14x17” IR > 82 mrad dose

225
Q

Manual Exposure Technique for Ribs-Axillary-PA Oblique

A

23 cm > 70 kVp > 0.16 secs > 200s mA > 32 mAs > 40” SID > 14x17” IR > 82 mrad dose

226
Q

12 Considerations to Effectively Work with Obese Patients

A
  1. WARM-UP x-ray TUBE before making any exposures.
  2. Use LOWER mA (<320)
  3. Use HIGHER kVp
  4. DO NOT make REPEATED EXPOSURES near X-ray tube LOADING LIMIT
  5. Use the LARGE FOCAL SPOT for ALL BUT DISTAL LIMBS
  6. DO NOT USE APR systems to determine exposure technique
  7. When USING AEC SYSTEMS, ensure kVp IS HIGH and mA IS MODERATE
  8. COLLIMATE TO the SIZE OF IR OR SMALLER
  9. WITH DR, COLLIMATE to suggested FIELD SIZE for the projection
  10. NEVER COLLIMATE TO THE MAXIMUM 17- x17” (43- x43cm) SIZE of the flat panel DR DETECTOR
  11. Maintain SPECIAL EXPOSURE TECHNIQUE chart for obese patient projections
  12. STAND AT 90deg to Beam WHEN HOLDING an obese patient
227
Q

CCD

A

Charge-Coupled Device

228
Q

MMD

A

Mean Marrow Dose

229
Q

NCRP

A

National Council on Radiation Protection

230
Q

RPA

A

Radiology Practitioner Assistant

From Flashcardlet (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions