1.1, 1.2- Jan 9

Question 1

What are the five fundamental characteristics that all living organisms share?

Answer 1

Cells
Evolution
Energy
Replication
Information

Question 2

Describe the characteristic of “cells” in a living organism

Answer 2

All organisms are made of membrane bound cells

Question 3

Describe the characteristic of “replication” in living organisms

Answer 3

All organisms are capable of reproduction

Question 4

Describe the characteristic of “evolution” in living organisms

Answer 4

Populations of organism are continually evolving

Question 5

Describe the characteristic of “information” in living organisms

Answer 5

All organisms process hereditary information encoded in genes as well as information from the environment

Question 6

Describe the characteristic of “energy” in living organisms

Answer 6

All organisms acquire and use energy

Question 7

What is a theory?

Answer 7

An explanation for a broad class of phenomena or observations
- supported by a wide body of evidence

Question 8

How is the scientific word for theory different than the modern use?

Answer 8

Modern use attaches it to “speculation” or “guess”

Question 9

How is a theory different than a conspiracy theory?

Answer 9

Conspiracy theory is not supported by a wide body of evidence

Question 10

What are the three theories for modern biological science?

Answer 10

1. the cell theory
2. the theory if evolution by natural selection
3. the chromosome theory of inheritance

Question 11

What question does the cell theory focus on?

Answer 11

What are organisms made of?

Question 12

What question does the theory of evolution by natural selection answer?

Answer 12

Where do organisms come from?

Question 13

What question does the chromosome theory of inheritance answer?

Answer 13

How is hereditary information transmitted from one generation to the next?

Question 14

Who were the first to observe cells in the late 1660’s?

Answer 14

Hooke and Leeuwenhoek

Question 15

Define cell

Answer 15

A highly organized compartment
- bounded by plasma membrane
- containing concentrated chemicals in an aqueous solution

Question 16

What does the cell theory state

Answer 16

• all organisms are made of cells
• all cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 17

What is the smallest living organism?

Answer 17

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (200 nm)
- bacterium, causes diseases in chickens and other bird species

Question 18

What is the largest living organism?

Answer 18

Armillaria ostoyae (2,284 acres)
- humongous fungus
- causes root disease in conifer species

Question 19

Define hypothesis

Answer 19

A testable statement that explains something observed

Question 20

Define experiment

Answer 20

Allows researchers to test the effect of a factor on a particular phenomenon

Question 21

Define prediction

Answer 21

A measurable or observable result that must be correct if a hypothesis is valid

Question 22

How is a hypothesis different than a prediction?

Answer 22

Hypothesis: x affects y
* does not imply direction

Prediction: x increases/ decreases y
* does imply direction

Question 23

What are the two competing hypotheses about where cells come from?

Answer 23

1. spontaneous generation
2. cell theory

Question 24

What is the spontaneous generation

Answer 24

Organisms could arise spontaneously under certain conditions
- bacteria and fungi that spoil food such as milk and wine
- springing to life from nonliving materials

Question 25

What is the cell theory

Answer 25

All organisms are made of cells and all cells come from preexisting cells

Question 26

What is Louis Pasteur's hypothesis

Answer 26

- cells arise from cells - cells do not arise by spontaneous generation " the presence of preexisting cells affects cell growth"

Question 27

How were the cell and spontaneous generation hypotheses tested?

Answer 27

- Nutrient broth was placed in a straight necked and swan necked flask and boiled - all living cells in the flask were killed - The condensation settled in the neck of the swan flask - Preexisting cells entered in the straight neck flask - Preexisting cells from air are trapped in the swan neck