1.5- Jan 13

Question 1

define the tree of life

Answer 1

a family tree of organisms that describe the genealogical relationships among species with a single ancestral species at its base

Question 2

define phylogeny

Answer 2

the actual genealogical relationships among all organisms

Question 3

are phylogenies always built using sequence data?

Answer 3

no, can be built on other things (trees)

Question 4

what is a phylogenetic tree used for

Answer 4

• to show relationships between species
• branches that share a recent common ancestor rep. closely related species
• branches that do not share recent common ancestor are distantly related

Question 5

universal tree or tree of life

Answer 5

• includes diverse array of species

Question 6

what is the universal tree’s main node

Answer 6

the common ancestor of all living species
(LUCA= last universal common ancestor)

Question 7

can one species be more primitive than another species?

Answer 7

no, because they are both alive at the same time

Question 8

what are the three major groups of organisms

Answer 8

• eukarya
• bacteria
• archaea

Question 9

true or false?
fungi and animals are more closely related to each other than either is to plants

Answer 9

true!

Question 10

define taxonomy

Answer 10

the effort to name and classify organisms

Question 11

what is a taxon

Answer 11

a named group

Question 12

what is a domain

Answer 12

new taxonomic level
consisting of:
- bacteria
- archaea
- eukarya

Question 13

define phylum

Answer 13

a major lineage within a domain

Question 14

define genus

Answer 14

made up closely related group of species

Question 15

define species

Answer 15

made up of individuals that regularly breed together or have characteristics that are distinct from those of other species

Question 16

how are scientific names identified

Answer 16

italicized

Question 17

how are genus names identified

Answer 17

capitalized

Question 18

are species names capitalized

Answer 18

no

Question 19

how does artificial selection work

Answer 19

humans can select certain individuals to produce the most offspring

Question 20

what are the two steps of a hypothesis

Answer 20

1. state the hypothesis as precisely as possible and list predictions
2. design an observational or experimental study that is capable of testing those predictions

Question 21

what does a pedometer hypothesis state

Answer 21

• ants always know how far they are from the nest
• because they track the number of steps taken
• and they know length of their side

Question 22

what three groups did Wittlinger’s group manipulate the ants into?

Answer 22

1. stumps
2. normal
3. stilts

Question 23

what does the null hypothesis state

Answer 23

what we should observe if the hypothesis being tested does not hold

Question 24

what were the results of the ant experiment

Answer 24

stumps- stopped short of the nest
normal- ants returned to rest
stilts- walked beyond the nest

Question 25

what was the conclusion of the ant experiment

Answer 25

desert ants use info on stride length and number to calculate how far they are from the nest

Question 26

what are the characteristics of a good experimental design

Answer 26

1. includes control group (normal ants) 2. experimental conditions were controlled to eliminate other variables 3. test was repeated to reduce effects of small sample size