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A level - PE > 1.1 Applied Anatomy and Physiology (Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems) > Flashcards

1.1 Applied Anatomy and Physiology (Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems) Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Circulation of blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and pulmonary vein back to the heart

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2
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Circulation of blood through the aorta to the body and vena cava back to the heart

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3
Q

Structure of the heart

A
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4
Q

Left side of the heart

A

Blood is oxygenated, from pulmonary vein, then moves for LA through bicuspid valve to LV and then out of the heart in the aorta

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5
Q

Right side of heart

A

Blood is deoxygenated, from vena cava, then moves from RA through tricuspid valve to RV and out through the pulmonary artery

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6
Q

Artery

A

Takes blood away from the heart

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7
Q

Vein

A

Takes blood back to the heart

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8
Q

Conduction system

A

A set of structures in the cardiac muscle which create and transmit an electrical impulse, forcing the atria and ventricles to contract

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9
Q

Myogenic

A

The capacity of the heart to generate its own electrical impulse, which causes the cardiac muscle to contract

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10
Q

Diastole

A

The relaxation phase of cardiac muscle where the chambers fill with blood

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11
Q

Systole

A

The contraction phase of cardiac muscle where the blood is forcibly ejected into the aorta and pulmonary artery

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12
Q

Atrial systole

A

The atria contract, forcing remaining blood into the ventricles

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13
Q

Ventricular systole

A

Ventricles contract, increasing pressure closing the AV valves to prevent back flow. SL valves open as blood is ejected for the ventricles

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14
Q

The conduction system of the heart

A
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15
Q

Heart rate

A

The number of times the heart beats per minute

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16
Q

Stroke volume

A

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat

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17
Q

Cardiac output (Q)

A

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute

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18
Q

Bradycardia

A

A resting heart rate of below 60bpm

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19
Q

Venous return

A

The return of the blood to the right atria through the veins

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20
Q

Sub-maximal

A

A low-to-moderate intensity of exercise within a performer’s aerobic intensity

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21
Q

Maximal

A

A high intensity of exercise above a performer’s aerobic capacity that will induce fatigue

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22
Q

Frank-Starling mechanism

A

Increased venous return leads to an increased volume, due to an increased stretch of the ventricle walls and therefore force of contraction

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23
Q

Distribution of Cardiac output (Q)

A

During exercise blood will go towards working muscles/skin/brain and away from digestion organs

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24
Q

Vascular shunt

A

j

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25
Cardiac control centre (CCC)
A control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for HR regulation
26
Sympathetic nervous system
Part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for increasing HR, specifically during exercise
27
Parasympathetic nervous system
Part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for decreasing HR, specifically during recovery
28
Neural control
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29
Chemoreceptors
Increased CO2 and lactic acid levels
30
Proprioceptors
Increased motor activity
31
Baroreceptors
Increased stretch on vessel walls
32
Intrinsic control
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Increased volume
Muscles are working and heat up
34
Increased venous return
Blood is working harder around the body
35
Hormonal control
j
36
Sympathetic release of adrenaline and noradrenaline
Hormones are being released as we start to exercise and need HR to increase
37
Vagus nerve
(Parasympathetic) decreases heart rate
38
Accelerator nerve
(Sympathetic) increases heart rate and force of contraction
39
Vasodilate
Widening of arteries, arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters
40
Vasoconstrict
Narrowing of arteries, arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters
41
Inspiration
Drawing air into the lungs
42
Expiration
Expelling of air from the lungs
43
Blood pooling
Accumulation of blood in the veins due to gravitational pull and lack of venous return
44
Active recovery
Low-intensity activity post exercise to maintain elevated heart and breathing rates
45
Vascular shunt mechanism
The redistribution of cardiac output around the body from rest to exercise which increases the percentage of blood flow to the skeletal
46
Arterioles
Blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the arteries to the capillary beds, which can vasodilator and vasoconstrictor to regulate blood flow
47
Pre-capillary sphincters
Rings of smooth muscle at the junction between arterioles and capillaries, which can dilate or constrict to control blood flow through the capillary bed
48
Vasomotor control centre
The control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for cardiac output distribution
49
Vasomotor tone
The partial state of smooth muscle constriction in the arterial walls
50
Alveoli
Clusters of tiny air sacs covered in a dense network of capillaries which together serve as the external site for gaseous exchange
51
Gaseous exchange
The movement of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood stream and carbon dioxide from the blood stream into the alveoli
52
Haemoglobin
An iron-rich globular protein in RBC's which can chemically combine with four O2 molecules to form oxyhemoglobin
53
Oxygen
The essential gas required for aerobic energy production in the muscle cells
54
Carbon dioxide
The waste product of aerobic energy production in the muscle cells
55
Breathing rate
The number of inspirations or expirations per minute (12-15 breaths)
56
Tidal volume
The volume of air inspired or expired per breath (aprox 500ml)
57
Minute ventilation
The volume of air inspired or expired per minute, TV x f = VE (aprox 6-7.5 l/min)
58
Respiratory control centre (RCC)
A control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for respiratory regulation
59
Inspiratory centre (IC)
A control centre within the RCC responsible for inspiration
60
Expiratory centre (EC)
A control centre within the RCC responsible for expiration
61
Partial pressure
The pressure exerted by an individual gas held in a mixture of gases
62
Diffusion
The movement of gases across a membrane down a gradient from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure
63
Diffusion gradient
The difference in areas of pressure from one side of a membrane to the other
64
Internal respiration
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65
External respiration
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Association
The combining of oxygen with haemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin
67
Dissociation
The release of oxygen from haemoglobin for gaseous exchange
68
Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve
A graph showing the relationship between pO2 and percentage saturation of haemoglobin
69
Bohr shift
A move in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right caused by increased acidity in the blood stream

A level - PE (17 decks)

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