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A level - PE > 1.1 Applied Anatomy and Physiology (Skeletal and Muscular Systems) > Flashcards

1.1 Applied Anatomy and Physiology (Skeletal and Muscular Systems) Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

Flat bones

A

Sternum, ribs, cranium, and pelvis. Protection for internal organs but also act as suitable sites for muscular attachment

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2
Q

Long bones

A

Femur humerus, radius, tibia and phalanges. Act as levers for movement and act as sites for blood cell production

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3
Q

Irregular bones

A

Vertebrae. Protect the spinal cord

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4
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Patella. Ease joint movement and resist compression

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5
Q

Ligament

A

A tough band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

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6
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Crucial in sport and exercise as they allow free movement in joints (egg white like consistency)

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7
Q

Articular cartaliage

A

Smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones to absorb shock and allow friction-free movement

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8
Q

Joint capsule

A

A fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane, encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid

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9
Q

Bursa

A

A closed, fluid-filled sac found where tendons rub over bones, reduces friction between tendons and bones

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10
Q

Joint

A

An area of the body where two or more bones articulate to create human movement

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11
Q

Axial skeleton

A

The cranium, vertebrae and ribs, it serves primarily to protect the central nervous system

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12
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

The upper and lower extremities, which include the shoulder girdle and pelvis

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13
Q

Plane of movement

A

The description of three dimensional movement at a joint

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14
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Lies vertically, divides the body into left and right parts from the medial (midline) to the lateral (outside)

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15
Q

Frontal plane

A

Lies vertically, divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts

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16
Q

Transverse plane

A

Lies horizontally, divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts

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17
Q

Hinge joint

A

A cylindrical bone articulates with a trough-shaped bone held tightly by ligaments with limit sideways movement, Elbow joint

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18
Q

Pivot joint

A

A rounded bone articulates with a ring-shaped bone which restricts motion to one plane, Radio-ulna joint

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19
Q

Condyloid joint

A

Similar to a ball and socket joint with flatter bone surfaces to allow motion in two planes, Wrist joint

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20
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

A ball-shaped head articulates with a cup-shaped socket to give a large range of motion in all three planes, Hip joint

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21
Q

Flexion

A

Movement which decreases the joint angle, usually to the front of the body

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22
Q

Extension

A

Movement which increases the joint angle, usually to the back of the body

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23
Q

Abduction

A

Movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body

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24
Q

Adduction

A

Movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body

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25
Horizontal extension
Movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body parallel to the ground
26
Horizontal flexion
Movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body parallel to the ground
27
Rotation
Movement whereby articulating bones turn about their axis in a screwdriver action
28
Origin
The muscle's proximal attachment (the end closest to the torso)
29
Insertion
The muscle's distal attachment (the end furthest away from the torso)
30
Anatomical position
Standing upright and facing forward with arms handing down by the side (palms facing forwards)
31
Tendon
A fires connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone
32
Agonist
A muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint. Also known as the prime mover
33
Antagonist
A muscle that opposes the agonist providing a resistance for co-ordinated movement
34
Fixator
A muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another causes movement
35
Antagonistic muscle action
Paired muscle action, as the agonist muscle shortens to create movement, the antagonist lengthens to co-ordinate the action
36
Isotonic concentric muscle contraction
Muscular contraction which shortens while producing tension
37
Isotonic eccentric muscle contraction
Muscular contraction which lengthens while producing tension
38
Isometric contraction
Muscle lengthens producing tension
39
Movement analysis
Analysis of the type and cause of bodily movement, knowledge of joint type, articulating bones, movement pattern, agonist and antagonist muscle action and contraction type
40
Ankle - Dorsi flexion
Movement at the ankle joint as the toes move up
41
Ankle - Plantar flexion
Movement at the ankle joint as the toes move down (point)
42
Knee - Flexion
43
Knee - Extension
44
Hip - Flexion
45
Hip - Extension
46
Hip - Adduction
47
Hip - Abduction
48
Hip - Medial rotation
49
Hip - Lateral rotation
50
Shoulder - Flexion
51
Shoulder - Extension
52
Shoulder - Adduction
53
Shoulder - Abduction
54
Shoulder - Horizontal flexion
55
Shoulder - Horizontal extension
56
Shoulder - Medial rotation
57
Shoulder - Lateral rotation
58
Elbow - Flexion
59
Elbow - Extension
60
Wrist - Flexion
61
Wrist - Extension
62
Transversus abdominis
63
Rotator cuff muscles
64
Myofibril
Bundles of protein filaments that contain the contractile element of the cardiomyocyte
65
Myosin
Thick filament in the sliding filament theory
66
Actin
Thin filament in the sliding filament theory
67
Sarcomere
The basic contractile unit of a muscle fibre
68
Z line
The end of a sarcomere
69
H zone
The middle of the A band
70
I band
The area where there is just the actin filament
71
A band
The area where there is just the myosin filaments
72
Action potential
Positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neutron and into the muscle fibre
73
Dentrites
The long finger of the Motor unit (where the action potential starts)
74
Neuromuscular junction
The connection between the muscles and nervous system
75
Synaptic vesicles
They move to end of motor neurone and contain Acetylcholine
76
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter that can help a nerve impulse to jump the synaptic cleft and initiate muscular contraction
77
Acetylcholinesterase
Terminates the signal at the neuromuscular junction by the rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft
78
Synaptic cleft
Gap between the synapse and the skeletal muscle
79
Voltage gated calcium channel
Allows calcium into the synapse (electrical)
80
Lingad gated sodium channel
Allows sodium to enter the skeletal muscles (chemical)
81
Troponin
Lies with in the grove between the actin filaments in muscle tissue
82
Tropomyosin
A protein that
83
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
A convoluted structure composed of a variety of tubules and cisternae to provide calcium to the muscles
84
T tubules
Invaginations of the cell membrane rich in several ion channels and other proteins devoted helping contraction of muscles
85
Slow oxidative muscle fibres
A type of muscle fibre rich in mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries which produces a small amount of force over a long period of time
86
Fast glycolytic muscle fibres
A type of muscle fibre rich in phosphocreatine which produces a maximal force over a short period of time
87
Fast oxidative glycolytic
These muscle fibres can be trained to either produce a large amount of force quickly or to resist fatigue
88
Work:Relief ratio
The volume of relief in relation to the volume of work performed

A level - PE (17 decks)

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