11: Biodiverity Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
what is a general definition of a species
A
two organisms are in the same species if they are structurally similar and able to breed with each other produce fertile offspring
2
Q
6 criticisms of the general definition of a species
A
1) naturally infertile organisms?
2) variation?
3) fossils?
4) 2 male organisms
5) asexual reproduction
6) fertile hybrids? wholphin
3
Q
approximate for number of species on earth
A
3-100 million
4
Q
how many species are named, how many unnamed?
A
1.7 million
500,000
5
Q
what is variation
A
differences between organisms eg. appearance,behaviour, biochem
6
Q
causes of variation
A
combination of genetic and environmental factors, (genetic- mutation and sexual reproduction)
7
Q
what are two types of variations generally
A
discontinuous and continuous
8
Q
who was the father of taxonomy
A
linnaeus
9
Q
putting organisms into groups is…
A
classification
10
Q
the science of classification is…
A
taxonomy
11
Q
what is the smallest taxonomic group
A
species
12
Q
what is the morphological species concept species definition
A
species is a group of organisms that are morphologically unique
13
Q
what is the universal naming system linnaeus crafted?
A
binomial naming system
14
Q
what is the first word in the binomial naming system? +feature
A
Genus (capital)
15
Q
what is the second word in binomial naming system? +feature
A
species (lowercase)
16
Q
when handwriting what must be remembered about binomial names
A
underline, italics if typing
17
Q
what is the biological species concept definition
A
can produce fertile offspring and interbreed
18
Q
what is speciation?
A
the process of one species giving rise to one or two more new species
19
Q
how can speciation occur
A
when population becomes isolated from other populations of the same species due to living in a different area
20
Q
once______ has happened they now can’t_____ ______, are reproductively ________ so they are two separate ______
A
speciation
breed together
isolated
species
21
Q
what is the problem about distinguishing species
A
speciation is gradual, ability to interbreed declines gradually, there is no distinct stage between population and species, so it is arbitrary and subjective
22
Q
individuals in species have the same number of chromosomes true or false
A
true
23
Q
how many chromosomes do humans have
A
46
24
Q
how many chromosomes do chimps have
A
48
25
what is it called when a centromere is at the end of the chromosome
acrocentric
26
what does acrocentric refer to?
centromere is at the end of the chromosome
27
what is it called when centromere is in the centre of the chromosome
metacentric
28
what is a hypothesis regarding chromosomes of evidence that humans and chimps share a common ancestor
chromosomes in pairs 12& 13 in a common ancestor fused to form the chromosomes in human pair 2
29
evidence for the common ancestor chromosome hypothesis (5)
- 12+13 combined= 2
- location of centromere in 12 matches in 2
- 2 has satellite DNA where 12's centromere is- remanent?
-banding of 12 and 13 is the same as 2
- human 2 has telomeric DNA in the middle
30
evidence against the common ancestor chromosome hypothesis (2)
- length isnt perfect
- location of centromere in 13 doesn't match
31
what is a karyogram?
image where all the chromosomes are arraned into pairs
32
karyotype
A karyotype is the general appearance of the complete set of chromosomes in the cells of a species or in an individual organism, mainly including their sizes, numbers, and shapes.
33
what is a genome
all the genetic information in an organism
34
what are differences between DNA sequences that have a single base change called
SNP's
single nucleotide polymorphism
35
what are SNP's
differences between DNA sequences that have a single base change
36
because SNP's are areas of difference, scientists use them to
determine ancestor or disease risk
37
genome sequencing is...
the process of determining the sequences of bases in DNA
38
in what ways do eukaryotic genomes vary
size and base sequence
39
prokaryotes, viruses and bacteria all have _____ genome sizes
small (generally)
40
comparison of genomesizes between humans plants
humans - 3 billion b.p long
japanese canopy tree- 150 billion b.p long
41
true or false, there is no link between genome size and organism complexity
true
42
things to take into account when comparing genome sizes
includes all DNA including non coding regions
plants can have polyploidy- have larger genomes
our view of complexity may be different
43
what is the next generation sequencing (NGS)
data entered into computers with programmes analysing info
44
what are the NGS computers analysing for
evolutionary relationships, personalised medicine
45
what is phylogenetics
classification of species based on evolutionary relationships- organisms are grouped based on common ancestry
46
what is this referring to: classification of species based on evolutionary relationships- organisms are grouped based on common ancestor
phylogenetics
47
more biodiversity in an ecosystem means they are more.... and resistant to ...
stable
change
48
ecosystem diversity
range of ecosystems and habitats within an area
49
species diversity
species rich and species evenness
50
species rich:
number of species
51
species evenness
number of individuals within a species
52
genetic diversity:
number of different alleles of genes
53
is biodiversity waxing or waning over time
higher than ever before
54
we are currently in the ___ mass extinction
6th
55
cause study of a megafauna extinction
new Zealand giant moas
hunted to extinction in 1300
megafauna- docile
56
case study of another animal that went extinct
Caribbean monk seal
hunted for oil and meat
57
case study close to home of extinction
aurochs
hunting and farming
58
3 case study examples of extinction
new Zealand giant moa
Caribbean monk seal
auroch
59
example of an ecosystem loss
dipterocarp forest
60
where is the dipterocarp forest
south east asia
61
why was the dipterocarp forest cut down and a stat
more the 50% ecosystem loss
deforestation bc of timber and palm oil plantations
62
for evidence to be trustworthy (5)
1) many reliable surveys in many habitats
2) repeats over time
3) species richness and evenness assessed
4) maximising data through citizen scientists
5) data expertly analysed
63
example of a citizen science project
uk bird feeder survey
64
2 organisations for biodiversity crisis
IPBES
IUCN
65
what does IPBES stand for
intergovernmental science policy platform of biodiversity and ecosystem services
66
what does IUCN do and what does it stand for
international union for the conservation of nature
lists threatened species
67
three examples of insitu conservation
protected place- nature reserves and parks
rewilding- restoring ecosystems
reclamation- restoring land
68
three examples of exsitu conservation
zoo's and captive breeding
botanic gardens
seed banks
69
way to prioritise species for conservation
EDGE species
70
what does EDGE stand for
evolutionary distinct and globally endangered
71
what mechanism drives evolutionary change?
natural selection
72
what is a paradigm shift
major change in worldviews perceptions and practices
73
what is evolution
the changes in the heritable characteristics of organisms over time
74
what is variation
differences between organisms in the same species
75
natural selection can only exists if there is
variation
76
why does natural selection need variation
no individual will be favoured over another
77
3 ways variation can happen
mutations
meiosis
random fertilization in sexual reproduction
78
what is the overproduction of offspring
often more offspring produced than can be supported in the surrounding environment
79
what does overproduction of offspring lead to
competition for resources
80
what promotes natural selection
overproduction of offspring
competition for resources
81
does intra or inter specific competition have a greater effect on evolution and why
intra
same species share same niche
affected by the same a/biotic factors
82
two examples of density independent selection pressures
temperature
natural disasters
83
two examples of density dependent selection pressures
soil and mineral availability
access to water
84
key difference between natural selection and sexual selection
natural- competition for resources
sexual- competition for a mate
85
who did the experiment with Guppies
john endler
86
more predators in guppy experiment:
males less colourful
87
less predators in guppy experiment
males more colourful- sexual selection
88
what is evolution
changes in the heritable characteristics of organisms over generations
89
describe the process of natural selection
heritable characteristics that are advantageous are more likely to be passed onto offspring because they live longer and reproduce more- leading to a gradual change in species over time
90
what are two theories of evolution
Darwinian and Lamarkian
91
what is Darwin's theory of evolution (7)
-by natural selection
-variation is present in a species- random DNA mutation
-individuals compete- (selective pressure)
-adv characteristics have higher survival
-more likely to reproduce
-adv alleles passed onto offspring
-gradually become more frequent
92
what is the Lamarkian theory of evolution
-changes that occur in an organism during its lifetime can be inherited
- these are acquired characteristics
- beneficial characteristics used frequently are passed on to offspring
93
key difference in one word between two theories of evolution
heritability
(acquired characteristics aren't heritable)
94
three pieces of evidence for evolution
similarities in Sequence data
selective breeding
homologous structures
95
the DNA sequences you're comparing to see if there is a common ancestor must...
come from the same part of DNA
usually is the highly conserved section
96
examples of highly conserved DNA for sequence comparison
essential proteins like haemoglobin
97
what is selective breeding
the process of humans choosing organisms with desirable characteristics and repeatedly breeding them together
98
how else can you say selective breeding
artificial selection
99
in natural selection: advantageous alleles are passed down because it increases survival
in artificial selection:
advantageous alleles are passed because humans pick which organisms will breed
100
is artificial or natural selection quicker? Why
artificial- only selected animals can breed
natural- still some breeding with individuals without the advantageous gene
101
how does selective breeding provide evidence for evolution
proves evolution occurs due to the accumulation of small changes to the DNA over time
102
what are homologous structures
similar features in different species that result from having a common ancestor
body parts may look and function differently but share structural similarities
103
what is adaptive radiation theory
organisms with homologous structures have evolved from a shared common ancestor but have adapted to different environments
104
what is an example of a homologous structure
pentadactyl limb
105
examples of pentadactyl limbs
human foot
whale flipper
bird wing
frog legs
106
word for characteristics with similar form and function but have different evolutionary origins
analogous structure
107
when does convergent evolution happen
2 distantly related species live in habitats with similar selection pressures, meaning similar characteristics provide a survival advantage
108
key point about ocnvergent evolution
advantageous traits evolve separately
109
convergent evolution example animals
shark and dolphin, fish and mammal but both are streamlined
110
convergent evolution example plants
cacti and euphorbia, one is Africa one in America, both have spiny leaves and succulent stems
111
what is the process of making a new species called
speciation
112
what is speciation
the process of making a new species
113
what do you need for speciation to occur
reproductive isolation
114
two ways reproductive isolation can happen
- Geographical isolation
groups get separated by things like mountains or rivers.
They can't mate because they live in different places.
- Mating differences
they have different mating behaviours or times.
might not like the same mating calls or breed in different seasons.
115
speciation: when ______ flow stops, ________ ________ accumulate
genetic
genetic
differences
116
example of speciation
bonobos and chimpanzees- separated by the congo river
