9: Physiology Flashcards
covers gas exchange, neural signalling, transport and integration of body systems (223 cards)
1
Q
input of …, output of … (in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland)
A
nerves, hormones
2
Q
what two parts are the nervous system made up of
A
CNS and nerves
3
Q
what is the role of the cerebellum
A
coordinating skeletal muscle contraction and balance
4
Q
difference between negative and positive feedback loop
A
positive feedback loops amplify change
negative feedback loops return values to set values
5
Q
what is the role of the cerebellum
A
coordinates muscle contraction timing
balance
things that require muscle memory
(doesn’t initiate movement, that’s the job of the motor cortex of the cerebrum)
6
Q
what is gas exchange
A
oxygen diffuses in one direction, CO2 diffuses in the other
7
Q
example of casual link
A
smoking is a casual link to lung disease
8
Q
what do barorecetors sense
A
when the pressure in the aorta is above or below what it should be
9
Q
which directions are the vagus and sympathetic nerve
A
both go from brain to SA node
10
Q
where is melatonin produces
A
pineal gland
11
Q
why is it important that blood glucose doesn’t drop
A
needed for respiration
12
Q
what is the word for a narrowing of arteries due to blockage
A
occlusion
13
Q
3 examples of prokaryote metabolic processes that antibiotics block
A
transcription
translation
DNA replication
14
Q
why do veins have a wide lumen
A
maximises volume of blood
15
Q
what does HIV stand for
A
human immunodeficiency virus
16
Q
what movement is it when the cell surface membrane of phagocyte extends out around the pathogen and engulfs it
A
amoeboid movement
17
Q
what is the CNS made up of
A
brain and spinal chord
18
Q
people don’t die from AIDS or HIV, they die from….
A
opportunistic infections with no immune response to tackle them
19
Q
A
20
Q
three ways to control antibiotic resistance
A
avoid over/incorrect prescriptions
high standards of hygiene
minimise antibiotics in treating agricultural animals
21
Q
don’t forget to look at diagram xx (page 97)
A
love ya
22
Q
what is the rule for surface area to volume ratio?
A
as the size of the organism increases, the surface area to volume ration decreases
23
Q
3 factors controlled by homeostasis
A
core body temperature
concentration of glucose in the blood
osmotic concentration of the blood
24
Q
do alpha or beta cells secrete insulin
A
beta
25
what is the SA node known as
pace maker
26
what can override baroreceptors and chemoreceptor
epinephrine
27
explain the osmosis example of integrations of systems
osmoregulatory in hypothalamus SENSE solute concentration
if too high pituitary releases hormone ADH
this increases reabsorption of water in the kidneys
28
two examples of chemical and nervous interactions
osmoregulation and heartbeat
29
the brain and nervous system are examples of what organs
central information integration organ
30
step 8 of synaptic transmission
neurotransmitters removed from synapse
31
what do chemoreceptors sense in regards to heartrate
pH
32
is AIDS the pathogen or the disease
disease, HIV is the pathogen
33
what is saltatory conduction
instead of sodium/potassium going in and out, the electrical charge jumps from node to node
34
the hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland, point where neuro and endo system meet
fun fact
35
which cells release insulin
beta
36
4 features of gas exchange(alveoli)
moist, thin, large SA, rich blood supply to maintain conc grad
37
is type one or two diabetes more common?
two
38
what is produced with adaptive immune system
antibodies and memory cells
39
step 4 of synaptic transmission
calcium ions force vesicles with neurotransmitters to fuse with membrane
40
2 ways effectors can respond to deviation from normal body temperatures
controlling heat loss at the skin to the external environment
modifying the generation of heat inside the cells by metabolism
41
4 effects of insulin
- glucose channels in cell membranes open
- glucose moves out of blood and into cells via facilitated diffusion
-liver and muscle cells convert excess glucose into glycagon (via glycogenesis)
- increase in respiration, using up glucose
42
external body temperatures are monitored by
peripheral thermoreceptors
43
inactivated vaccine:
killed non living components of pathogen- just has the antigen
44
at rest, sodium ions are on the inside or outside
outside
45
where are lymphocytes made
bone marrow
46
what relaxes when you breathe out
diaphragm, external intercostal muscles
47
look at cross sectioned diagram of plant stem and root x
48
what occurs in T1 diabetes
pancreas fails to make insulin
49
why can temperature not get too low
prevent or slows down reaction, low kinetic energy=less collisions
50
explain shivering
muscles contracting and relaxing increases respiration, meaning more heat energy
51
step 2 of synaptic transmission
voltage gated calcium ion channels open
52
what are b cells activated by
t helper cells
53
where are enzymes used in endocytosis stored
lysosomes
54
what does antherosclerosis cause
damage to artery wall due to high blood pressure
55
what is homeostasis
process of maintaining a constant internal environment for maintenance of optimal conditions for enzyme function
56
which two nerves connect the medulla oblongata and the SA node
vagus and sympathetic
57
effects of epinephrin (6)
hydrolysis of glycogen, increase diameter of bronchi, breathing increases, heart rate increases, increases blood flow to liver and muscles, decreases blood flow to gut/kidneys
58
how are activated b cells multiplied
clones itself via mitosis
differentiates- expresses different genes, differentiates into plasma cells
grows and produces antibodies- primary response
59
Diabetes:
homeostatic control of blood glucose has failed
insulin function is disrupted and glucose conc in blood rises
60
in three words, effect of glucagon
increases glucose concentration
61
3 reactions to decrease in temp
vasoconstriction
hairs stand
shivering
62
what is step 1 of synaptic transmission
action potential reaches end of presynaptic nerve
63
where are chemoreceptors
by the medulla oblongata
64
What is insulin resistance?
When body cells do not respond properly to insulin, meaning less glucose enters the cells and stays in the blood.
65
when is a person diagnosed with aids
when their helper T cell count falls below a critical threshold and/or they develop opportunistic infections or AIDS-defining illnesses. This marks the progression from HIV infection to AIDS.
66
What happens to the pancreas in Type 2 diabetes
the pancreas produces extra insulin to compensate. Over time, the beta cells wear out and make less insulin.
67
where are b cells made
bone marrow
68
2 ways nerves are adapted
large diameter (less resistance)
myelination
69
what hormone controls the circadian rhythm
melatonin
70
does the pump use diffuse or active transport
active transport, requires ATP
71
what type of virus is HIV
retrovirus
72
other than endocrine tissue, what other tissue is in the pancreas and what does it do
makes digestive enzymes like lipase and amylase
73
what is another word for adrenaline
epinephrine
74
what does surfactant do
reduces surface tension and makes is moist
75
what are three types of lymphocytes called
t helper cells
b cells
cytotoxic t cells
76
where to do t cells mature
thymus gland
77
what is breathing
movement of air in and out the lungs
78
explain hair flattens
air erector muscles relax, allows air to circulate
79
the sympathetic nerve is going to do what to heartrate
increase
80
where are lymphocytes found
lymph nodes and circulating blood
81
true or false- antigens are proteins
true- except blood group antigens are carbohydrates
82
what is vital capacity
maximum amount of air lungs can hold
83
are phagocytes innate or adaptive immune system
innate
84
which cells release glucagon
alpha `
85
cytotoxic t cells:
able to kill own cells that are virally infected or cancerous
86
2 types of vaccines
live attenuated
inactivated
87
how many steps are there for process of synaptic transmission
8
88
what contracts with you breathe out
abdominal and interior intercostal muscles
89
antibiotics block______ processes in ____and not ________
metabolic
prokaryotes
eukaryotes
90
5 step process of activation of B lymphocytes by T helpers
1) pathogen engulfed by macrophages (phagocytes/phagocytosis)
2) the antigen is presented outside the macrophage (antigen presenting cell)
3) T lymphocytes bind to the antigen and become activated
4) activated T cells bind to a specific lymphocyte, b cell
5) B cell is activated
91
step 7 of synaptic transmission
if there are enough ions entering cell, it generates action potential
92
baroreceptors increase heartrate when pressure is _____
low
93
where are phagocytes made
bone marrow
94
step 5 of synaptic transmission
neurotransmitters are released through exocytosis ad diffuse across
95
inside of a neuron is relatively pos or neg
negative, -70, -65 mV
96
why do arteries have a narrow lumen
to maintain blood pressure
97
explain hairs stand
hair erector muscles contract, forms an insulating layer- less effective in humans
98
what is myelination
creating myelin sheaths, with nodes of ravier between
99
are phagocytes specific or not
non specific
100
step 3 of synaptic transmission
calcium ions enter through facilitated diffusion
101
what does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland do primarily
stores/releases hormones made by hypothalamus eg adh
102
example of a zoonotic disease
covid 19
HIV- (chimp, but now human only)
103
what type of tissue does the body use to repair damage to the walls of arteries
fibrous tissue
104
what does the cerebrum control
all voluntary movements
105
antibiotics will kill all _______ in the gut except for ________ ________ ones. this leads to reduced ___________ so they ________
bacteria
antibiotic resistant ones
competition
multiply
106
explain vasoconstriction
muscles in arteriole walls contract, arterioles contract= less blood flow to skin
107
what does white matter do
transmits signals from receptor to brain and brain to other organs
108
step 6 of synaptic transmission
bind to post synaptic receptors and ion channels open
109
glucagon effects 2
activation of enzymes that enable hydrolysis of glycogen in liver and muscles
this relases glucose (via glycogenolysis)
decrease in respiration
110
what two tissues are the spinal chord made up of
white matter and grey matter
111
what is the problem with using fibrous tissue to repair artery walls
not elasticy
112
what does AIDS stand for
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
113
what is the SA node connected to in the brain
medulla oblongata
114
what is the circadian rhythm
patter of sleep/wake cycle that organisms are adapted for
115
what does penicillin interfere with
bacterial cell wall
116
which body cells does HIV infect specifically
T helper cells
117
process that happens when chemoreceptors sense that the pH is low
the medulla oblongata sends a message along the sympathetic nerve to the SA node to increase the heart rate.
when the pH returns to normal, vagus nerve will slow the heart rate back down
118
cause of T1 diabetes
body's immune system attacks beta cells of the islets of langerhan in the pancreas
119
how does depolarization occur
sodium rapidly diffusing in
120
decrease in blood glucose in detected by
alpha cells in pancreas
121
what is tidal volume
volume of air exhaled/inhaled for each breath
122
recite phrase about transpiration concerning cohesion and adhesion
loss of water in plant by transpiration from cell walls in leaf cells causes water to be drawn out of xylem vessels by capillary action (adhesion) generating tension. cohesion ensures this
123
fungi fact antibiotics
some fungi naturally produce antibiotics to decrease competition
124
if depolarization is large enough to pass the threshold...
there is a temporary localised change in voltage
125
what does innate immune system mean
had since birth
126
3 reactions to an increase in temp
vasodilation
sweating
hair flattens
127
medulla oblongata controls _____ actions
involuntary actions
128
thermoregulation is a what feedback control
negative
129
what are t cell receptors activated by?
activated by antigens
130
glucagon is secreted by
alpha cells
131
herd immunity prevents ____ and _____
epidemics and pandemics
132
b cells differentiate into ______ cells or _________cells
plasma
memory
133
3 symptoms of diabetes
glucose in urine
dehydration
fatigue
134
vaccines cause _____ cells
memory
135
what two other things happen when you breathe in, not to do with relaxing and contracting
volume increases, pressure decreases
136
what is respiration
chemical process that happens in all cells in which food molecules are oxidized to release energy
137
what do myelin sheaths do
insulate electrical charge
138
what is an epidemiological study
Epidemiology is the study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why
139
explain the heartbeat example of integrations of systems
TO DO
140
what is a nerve
bundle of nerve fibres surrounded by a sheath
141
live attenuated vaccine:
weakened version of the pathogen
142
what is a stimulus
change that can be detected
143
what disease is related to occlusion
CHD, coronary heart disease
144
what is herd immunity
if a large enough percentage of the population is vaccinated, it provides protection for the entire population--> few places for the pathogen to breed
145
________ cells recognise the ______, divide ______ and differentiate into ________ producing _______ cells
memory
antigen
quickly
antibody
plasma
146
what do type 2 pneumocytes make
surfactant
147
explain vasodilation
arterioles near the skin dilate, more blood flow= more heat loss
148
example of why species specific diseases might not be able to cross species barriers
wrong body temp
species doesn't have receptors
149
true or false, innate and adaptive immune system don't change over time
false- innate no, adaptive yes
150
what doesn't epidemiological study show about diet and heart disease
doesn't prove casual link, just relationship
151
5 adaptations of xylem vessels
thick cellulose cells walls
strengthens walls with lignin
cells are dead and hollowed
walls break down
bordered pits allow water column to bypass blockage
152
when is a person HIV positive
when antibodies for HIV are first detected in the blood
153
give example of neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
154
each lymphocyte is ___ with ____ of ______
unique
shape
receptor
155
what does grey matter do
processes decisions
is for unconscious processes like movement of food
156
when you breathe in, what contracts
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
157
antibiotics kill or stop the growth of ___karyotes
prokaryotes
158
when are t cells activated?
when they encounter and bind to a specific antigen
159
how to treat T2 diabetes
low carb diet, exercise
160
what is the result of HIV infecting T helper cells
B cells aren't activated, antibodies aren't produced
161
Why does insulin resistance happen?
Fat cells release chemicals that block insulin’s effect, and long-term high blood sugar reduces insulin sensitivity
162
what is expiratory reserve volume
amount of air a person can exhale after a normal breath
163
flow diagram blood glucose concentration increases:
set value increases-->detected in beta cells in pancreas--> insulin secreted-->glucose absorbed to liver cells and stored as glycogen
164
melatonin is inhibited by what
light
165
antibiotics don't harm the cells of infected organism because
they only block metabolic processes in prokaryotes and not eukaryotes
166
what is a nerve impulse
electrical signal passed between two cells
167
what is membrane potential
voltage created by an imbalance of charges on either side of the membrane
168
vaccines induce____ without causing _____
immunity
disease
169
an increase in blood glucose is detected by
beta cells in pancreas
170
what does the sodium potassium pump do
establishes resting potential by actively transporting sodium to the outside and potassium to the inside
171
what is repolarization
membrane potential rapidly goes from positive to negative
172
explain sweating
cools skin by evaporation, uses heat energy from body to convert liquid vapour to water vapour
173
allergens:
they are a type of antigen-and the body thinks they are harmful
174
what does the xylem transport
transports water and minerals like K, Mg and P
175
where is the radial pulse
wrist
176
when you breathe in, what relaxes
abdominal and interior intercostal muscles relax
177
what is the chain from sensory receptors to effector
sensory receptor, sensory neuron, CNS, motor neuron, effector
178
what sort of cells does saltatory conduction work for
myelinated cells
179
why can temperature not get too high
enzymes will denature and loose their tertiary structure
180
what sort of drugs can prevent/halt immune system damage from HIV
antiretroviral drugs
181
What is Type 2 diabetes?
cells stop responding properly to insulin (insulin resistance), leading to high blood sugar. Over time, the pancreas may also make less insulin.
182
what do t cells activate?
B cells
183
how many sodiums are pumped out for every potassium in
3 sodium's out for every 2 potassium coming in- overall net loss of one positive charge
184
why are capillaries' lumens small
narrow lumen, slows blood, diffusion can happen
185
whole is greater than the sum of it part, what does reference
integration is responsible for emergent properties
186
what does epinephrin do
increases glucose and oxygen supply to skeletal muscles
187
what does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland do primarily
produce and release
188
what two elements are associated with the pump in neurons
sodium and potassium
189
the vagus nerve is going to cause the SA node to do what
slow down heartrate
190
flow diagram blood glucose concentration decreases:
set value decreases-->detected in alpha cells in pancreas--> glucagon secreted-->hydrolysis breaks glycogen to glucose
191
which way round
"causes" "AIDS" "HIV"
HIV causes AIDS
192
what are the blockages in arteries called, that are the buildup of deposits
atheromas- these narrow the lumen
193
4 ways HIV is passed on
unprotected sex
sharing needles
transfusion of blood
childbirth
194
a vaccine is what
a source of anitgens of DNA/RNA that codes for antigens
195
how does repolarization occur
potassium rapidly diffuses out
196
what is ventilation rate
number of inhalations/exhalations per min
197
lymphocytes: __________ bind to ________ on _________, and tag it for destruction by other immune cells
antibodies
antigens
pathogens
198
vital capacity equation
Tidal volume+IRV+ERV
199
what do epidemiological studies show about diet and heart disease
shows correlation
200
antibiotics are drugs that in short
inhibit the growth of microorganisms
201
how is type 1 diabetes treated
insulin injection, moderated diet with less carbs
202
by using antibiotics often, humans exert a ______ _______ on bacteria which supports the evolution of__________ _________
selective pressure
antibiotic resistance
203
what is inspiratory reserve volume
amount of air a person can inhale after a breath
204
which body part is the carotid pulse
neck
205
islets of Langerhans are made up of what tissue
endocrine
206
why are antibiotics not effective for viruses
they are non living- no metabolism
207
relationship with pH and heartrate
low pH = high CO2
208
through what process do the arteries narrow due to blockages
antherosclerosis
209
what happens because fibrous tissue isn't elasticy
lesions called plaques are formed, leads to clots, blocks coronary arteries, heart muscles die, heart attack
210
internal body temperatures are monitored by
the hypothalamus
211
is the white matter in the middle or the outside
outside
212
3 ways capillaries are adapted
large surface area due to branching, thin walls, fenestrations
213
another words for white blood cells
leucocytes
214
what is action potential
a temporary localised reversal in voltage across the membrane (-65mV to 35mV)
215
where do you find chemo and baro receptors (as well)
aortic arch
216
what diseases can cross species barrier from animal to human
zoonotic
217
reasons for diabetes symptoms
gluc in pee: kidneys cannot filter excess glucose
Dehydration: excess glucose is eliminated by the kidneys, large amounts of water is pulled along with it
Fatigue: glucose remains in blood rather than cell, less respiration
218
why 2 nerves from brain travelling from the same direction to the same place heartbeat
going to have different effects
219
what is depolarization
membrane potential goes from negative to positive
220
do capillaries have a large or small lumen
small
221
is innate immune system specific or not
not specific- adaptive is
222
what is a casual link
one variable causes change in another
223
in three words, effect of insulin
lowers glucose concentration
