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ETA 4: REPRODUCTION > 11: Malignancies of the Reproductive Tract > Flashcards

11: Malignancies of the Reproductive Tract Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

What are the causes of Vulva Carcinoma? (2 things)

A
  1. Pre-menopausal:
    * HPV (mainly types 16 & 18)
  2. Older women:
  • Chronic irritation
  • Long standing dermatomes
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2
Q

What are the clinical presentations of Vulva Carcinomas?

A

Keratonic + Warty + Ulcerated lesions

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3
Q

How are Vulva Carcinomas spread? (2 things)

A
  1. Locally
  2. Metastasis to inguinal lymph nodes
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4
Q

What is the cause of Cervix Carcinomas? (3 steps)

A
  1. HPV (types 16 & 18) → produces pre-malignant condition: CIN (Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia)
  2. CIN I → CIN III

(Well differentiated → poorly differentiated and more likely to invade)

  1. CIN III → can progress to form Cervical Carcinoma
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5
Q

What do Cervical Carcinomas cause? (3 things)

A
  1. Cervical expansion
  2. Ulceration
  3. Nodular formation
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6
Q

What are the clinical presentations of Cervix Carcinoma? (3 things)

A

Bleeding @:

  1. Post-coital (after sex)
  2. Inter-menopaue
  3. Post-menopause
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7
Q

How are Cervix Carcinomas spread? (2 things)

A
  1. Internally → iliac & aortic lymph nodes
  2. Locally:
  • Uterus
  • Bladder
  • Rectum
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8
Q

How often are women screened for Cervical Tumours?

A

Ages 25-50: Every 3 years

Ages 50-65: Every 5 years

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9
Q

When is a women referred for a colposcopy after screening?

A

If there are:

  1. Screening abnormalities
  2. HPV +ve
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10
Q

What doe colposcopy determine?

A

If they are CIN I - III

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11
Q

What are the aims of Cervical screening?

A

To detect pre-invasive conditions and excise it before tumour develops

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12
Q

How is abnormal tissue excised?

A

Diathermy (loop biopsy)

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of Ovarian Carcinomas?

A

Precursor: No real symptoms

Presents late in life with:

  • Ascites
  • Obstruction
  • Perforation
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14
Q

What is a Germ Cell Tumour?

A

Benign / malignant Ovarian Carcinoma

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15
Q

What is the most common type of Germ Cell Tumour? (Ovarian Carcinoma)

A

Dermoid Cyst

  • Benign cystic teratoma
  • Hair / teeth / bone cyst in ovary
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16
Q

What are some malignant Germ Cell Tumours? (Ovarian Carcinomas) (2 things)

A
  1. Dysgerminoma
  2. Yolk sac tumour
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17
Q

What do some ovarian neoplasms produce?

A

Oestrogen / androgens

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18
Q

What are the different types of Epithelial Ovarian Tumours? (5 things)

A
  1. Serous
  2. Mucinous
  3. Endometrioid
  4. Clear cell
  5. Brenner (transitional cells)

Can all be benign / malignant

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19
Q

What can Epithelial Ovarian Tumours metastasise to? (2 things)

Study These Flashcards
A

Genital: Endometrial Cancer

Extragenital: Colonic / Gastric / Breast Cancer

20
Q

What are the types of Uterus tumours? (2 things)

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A
  1. Fibroids (aka Leiomyomas): Benign
  2. Leiomyosarcoma: Malignant
21
Q

What are the features of Fibroid (leiomyomas) (uterus) tumours? (2 things)

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A
  1. Affects uterine SM
  2. Oestrogen dependant
22
Q

What do Fibroid (leiomyomas) (uterus) tumours present as? (2 things)

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A
  1. Heavy / painful periods
  2. Infertility
23
Q

When and why do Fibroid (leimyomas) (uterus) tumours regress?

Study These Flashcards
A

After menopause

Because oestrogen dependant

24
Q

What do Leiomyosarcomas (malignant uterus cancer) infiltrate?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Locally
  2. Metastasise to Lungs (via blood)
25
What are some Gestational Tumour types? (2 things)
1. Hydatidiform mole 2. Choriocarcinoma
26
What is a Hydatidiform mole?
Oedema of **placental** chorionic villi Big uterus / placenta
27
What are Hydatidiform moles caused by?
Chromosomal defects in conceptus → oedema of placental chorionic villi
28
What can Hydatidiform mole tumours do? (2 things)
1. Persist / invade / metastasise 2. Develop into Choriocarcinoma
29
What are Choriocarcinomas? (2 points)
1. Malignant tumours of placenta 2. Composed of: * Syncytiotrophoblast & Cytotrophoblast WITHOUT villus
30
What is the most common type of Testicular tumour?
Germ Cell Tumours (90%)
31
What are some Testicular Germ Cell Tumours? (2 things)
1. Seminomas 2. Embryonal Carcinomas
32
What is the histology of a Seminoma (Testicular Germ Cell Tumour)? (3 things)
1. Homogenous (uniform) 2. Large vacuolated cells 3. Lymphocyte rich stroma
33
What is the histology of an Embryonal carcinoma?
ONLY has pleomorphic cells (different in size / shape)
34
What are some Non-Germ Cell Testicular Tumours? (2 things)
1. Sertoli cell tumours (benign) 2. Leydig cell tumours (benign)
35
What are Sertoli cells? (2 points)
1. Cells lining Seminal tubules 2. Provide support to maturing germ cells
36
What is the histology of a Sertoli cell tumour (benign non-germ cell testicular tumour)
Vacuolated cell
37
What are Leydig cells? (2 points)
1. Cells surrounding Seminiferous tubules 2. Produce testosterone in presence of LH
38
What are the 3 zones in the prostate gland?
1. Peripheral 2. Transitional 3. Central
39
What happens to the Transitional Zone of the prostage gland with age?
Benign prostatic hyperplasia → compresses urethra
40
What is a Prostatic Adenocarcinoma?
Malignant tumour arising in Peripheral Zone of Prostate gland
41
Where can a Prostatic Adenocarcinoma metastasise to? (4 things)
1. Lymph nodes 2. Bone 3. Liver 4. Lungs
42
In which group of men are Penile Carcinomas more common?
Uncircumcised men
43
What are Penile Carcinomas associated with?
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infections
44
What is the histology of a Penile carcinoma? (2 points)
1. Squamous cell Carcinoma 2. Can invade corpora cavernosa
45
Where can Penile carcinomas metastasise to?
Inguinal lymph nodes

ETA 4: REPRODUCTION (10 decks)

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