Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ETA 4: REPRODUCTION > 8: Labour > Flashcards

8: Labour Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 stages of labour?

A
  1. Creation of birth canal
  2. Expulsion of foetus
  3. Expulsion of placenta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens in the 1st stage of labour?

A

Creation of birth canal:

  1. Release of structures that normally retain foetus in uterus
  2. Dilatation of cervix and its realignment with vagina
  3. Expansion of soft tissue (cervix / vagina / perineum)
  4. Cervix Ripening
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When diameter does the birth canal need to be expanded to in the Creation of the Birth Canal

A

10cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What triggers Cervix Ripening?

A

Prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens in Cervix Ripening?

A
  1. Reduction in collagen
  2. Increase in Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
  3. Reduction in aggregation of collagen fibres (loosens it)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens in the 2nd stage of labour?

A

Expulsion of foetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens in the 3rd stage of labour?

A

Expulsion of placenta and changes to minimise blood loss from mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the properties of uterine smooth muscle cells that facilitate labour?

A

Myometrium

  • Smooth muscle: thickens at pregnancy
  • Fibres contract, but only PARTIALLY relax
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does contraction but only PARTIAL relaxation of the myometrium fibres help in labour?

A

This shortens fibres and pushes foetus from the top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the properties of uterine contractions in EARLY pregnancy?

A
  1. Low amplitude
  2. Every 30 mins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the properties of uterine contractions in LATE pregnancy?

A
  1. High Amplitude
  2. Lower Frequency
  3. Can have Braxton-Hicks contractions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are Braxton-Hicks contractions?

A

High amplitude contractions every now and then

BUT not strong enough to move foetus into labour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the roles of uterine contractions? (2 things)

A
  1. Dilate cervix
  2. Push foetus through birth canal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What hormone makes contractions more frequent?

A

Oxytocin

Increases APs by lowering the threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What hormone makes contractions more forceful?

A

Prostaglandins

Increases Ca2+ per AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What hormone softens the cervix?

A

Prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where are prostagandins produced?

A

Endometrium

18
Q

What oestrogen : progesterone ratio causes an increase in prostaglandin secretion?

A

Oestrogen > Progesterone

Oestrogen is prostaglandins friend

Progesterone isn’t because they’re both P’s and he’s salty

19
Q

What does a reduction in progesterone do?

A

Increases prostanglandin release which in turn:

  • Ripens the cervix
  • Promotes uterine contractions
20
Q

Where is oxytocin secreted from?

A

Posterior pituitary (controlled by hypothalamus)

21
Q

What increases oxytocin release?

A

Afferent impulse from cervix and vagina (postive feedback)

22
Q

What does oxytocin act on?

A

Smooth muscle receptors:

Increases amount of receptors if oestrogen > progesterone

Basically oxytocin increases sensitivity

23
Q

What hormone promotes labour?

A

Prostaglandins

24
Q

How is labour artificialy induced with Prostaglandins? (2 things)

A

Vaginal gel

  • Ripens the cervix
25
Q

How is labour artificialy induced with oxytocin?

A

IV synthetic oxytocin

  • Increases frequency of contractions
26
Q

What analgesia is used during labour? (3 things)

A
  1. Oxygen / nitrous oxide
  2. Paracetamol
  3. Spinal anaesthesia
27
Q

What is the foetal orientation determined by? (3 things)

A
  1. Lie
  2. Presentation
  3. Position
28
Q

What is the foetal Lie?

A

Relationship of Long Axis of Foetus to Long Axis of Uterus

29
Q

What is the most common foetal lie?

A

Longitudinal

30
Q

What is the foetal Presentation?

A

Describes which part of the foetus is adjacent to the pelvic inlet

31
Q

What is the most common foetal Presentation?

A

Cephalic presentation (head at pelvic inlet)

32
Q

What is the foetal Position?

A

Describes if the head is flexed or deflexed

33
Q

What is the most common foetal position?

A

Flexed head

34
Q

How can a foetus be monitored? (2 things)

A
  1. Partogram
  2. Cardiotocography
35
Q

What are the stimuli for the establishment of independant life? (3 things)

A
  1. First breath
  2. Delivery trauma
  3. Temperature change
36
Q

What is the response to the stimuli for the establishment of independant life? (3 things)

A
  1. Reduced pulmoary vascular resistance → Reduced pulmonary arterial pressure → Increased L atrial pressure → Shuts foramen ovale
  2. Increased pO2 → constricts ductus arteriosus → establishes adult circulation
  3. Sphincter in ductus venosus constricts → all blood entering liver passes through hepatic sinusoids
37
Q

What happens immediately afte the foetus is removed?

A

Powerful uterine contraction → separates placenta → positions it into upper part of vagina

38
Q

What happens around 10 minutes after foetus is expelled?

A

Placenta and membranes removed

39
Q

What doe the powerful contractions of the uterus (to separate placenta) do?

A

Compresses blood vessels → reduces bleeding

40
Q

How can the uterine contractions that reduce bleeding be enhanced?

A

Oxytocin administration

41
Q

What should be given if the placenta is retained?

A

IV Oxytocin

42
Q

What are the 3 types of Female Genital Mutilation?

A
  1. Clitoridectomy (removing clitoris)
  2. Excision (removing clitoris and labia minora)
  3. Infibulation (Narrowing of vaginal opeing through covering seal)

ETA 4: REPRODUCTION (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions