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ETA 4: REPRODUCTION > 6: Pregnancy > Flashcards

6: Pregnancy Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

What is implantation? (2 things)

A
  1. Interstitial (within internal tissues)
  2. Uterine epithelium breached → conceptus implants within stroma
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2
Q

What happens to the placental membrane during pregnancy?

A

Becomes progressively thinner as the needs of the foetus increase

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3
Q

What is the property of placenta?

A

It is Haemomonochorial: only 1 layer of trophoblast separates maternal blood from foetal capillary wall

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4
Q

What are the aims of implantation (3 things)

A
  1. Establish basic unit of exchange
  2. Anchor placenta
  3. Establish maternal blood flow within placenta
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5
Q

How does implantation establish a basic unit of exchange?

A
  1. Primary Villi = Fingerlike projections of trophoblast
  2. Secondary Villi = Invasion of mesenchyme into core
  3. Tertiary Villi = Invasion of mesenchyme core by foetal vessels
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6
Q

How is the placenta anchored?

A

Through establishment of outermost cytotrophoblast shell

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7
Q

What happens regardless of fertilisation?

A

Endometrium preparation for implantation

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8
Q

What is the endometrium preparation for implantation signalled by?

A

Progesterone from ovary

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9
Q

What does the endometrium contain? (2 things)

A
  1. Pre-decidual cells
  2. Elaboration of Spiral artery blood supply
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10
Q

What is decidualisation?

A

The balancing force acting against the invasive force of the trophoblast at implantation

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11
Q

What do decidual cells do?

A

Prevent excessive invasion of Trophoblast at implantation

Decidual cells are the British soldiers stopping the Spanish Armada invasion

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12
Q

Why are ectopic pregnancies at the fallopian tube dangerous?

A

No decidual cells at fallopian tube

So implantation is so invasive → haemorrhage of fallopian tube

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13
Q

What are Spiral Arteries?

A

Arteries that temporarily supply blood to the endometrium in the luteal phase of menstrual cycle

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14
Q

How do Spiral Arteries meet the foetal demands?

A

Spiral arteries create low resistance vascular beds → maintains high flow

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15
Q

What are some implantation defects? (3 things)

A
  1. Ectopic Pregnancy
  2. Placenta Praevia
  3. Incomplete Invasion
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16
Q

Where do ectopic pregnancies usually occur?

A

Fallopian tube

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17
Q

What is Placenta Praevia?

A

Implantation in the lower uterine segment

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18
Q

What can Placenta Praevia cause?

A

Haemorrages

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19
Q

What does Placenta Praevia require?

A

C-section delivery

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20
Q

What can Incomplete Invasion cause? (2 things)

A
  1. Placental Insufficiency
  2. Pre-eclampsia
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21
Q

What is placental insufficiency and what does it cause?

A

Insufficient blood flow to the placenta → affects foetus CNS development

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22
Q

What are the risk factors of placental insufficiency? (3 things)

A
  1. Smoking
  2. Diabetes
  3. Hypertension
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23
Q

What is pre-eclampsia?

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A

High blood pressure @ pregnancy / labour

24
Q

What is the difference between the placenta in the 1st trimester and at term?

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A

1st Trimester

Thick (4 Layers)

  • Capillary Endothelium
  • Undifferentiated Mesoderm
  • Cytotrophoblast
  • Synciotrophoblast

Term

Thin (2 Layers)

  • Capillary Endothelium
  • Synciotrophoblast

Larger surface area for exchange

25
What are the layers of the placenta in the 1st trimester?
1. Capillary Endothelium 2. Undifferentiated Mesoderm 3. Cytotrophoblast 4. Syncytiotrophoblast Need CUCS to get pregnant at da beginningg
26
What are the layers of the placenta at term?
1. Capillary Endothelium 2. Syncytiotrophoblast Don't need CUCS now it's just its own CS
27
What does the umbilical cord link?
Placental blood vessels → Developing foetus
28
What does the umbilial cord contain?
2 Umbilical Arteries 1 Umbilical Vein
29
What do the umbilical arteries carry?
**Deoxygenated** blood from foetus → placenta Opposite to what arteries carry in adults innit
30
What does the umbilical vein carry?
**Oxygenated** blood from placenta → foetus Opposite to what arteries carry in adults innit
31
What are the functions of the placenta? (3 things)
1. Metabolic 2. Endocrine 3. Transport
32
What does the placenta synthesise? (Metabolic Function) (3 things)
1. Glycogen 2. Cholesterol 3. Fatty Acids
33
What is the purpose of the glycogen synthesised by the placenta?
Storage of maternal glucose to be transferred to foetus
34
What is the purpose of the cholesterol synthesised by the placenta?
Cholesterol is a precursor of Progesterone and Oestrogen
35
What is the Fatty Acids synthesised in the placenta made from?
The breakdown products of fats in the maternal circulation
36
What are the types of hormone that the placenta produces? (Endocrine function) (2 types)
1. Proteins 2. Steroids
37
What are the protein hormones produced in the placenta? (4 things)
1. hCG 2. hCS 3. hCT 4. hCC GSTC
38
Where is hCG produced?
Syncytiotrophoblast in placenta
39
What does hCG support?
The secretory function of the Corpus Luteum
40
What is hCG used as and why?
Pregnancy tests because its secreted in maternal urine
41
What do hCS and hPL do?
Increase glucose availability to the foetus by: Switching mothers from glucose to F.A metabolism They are CSI and PoLice agents that infiltrate and change the mums metabolism
42
What are the 3 transport methods across the placenta? (Transport function)
1. Simple diffusion 2. Facilitaed diffusion 3. Active transport
43
What things use Simple Diffusion across the placenta? (4 things)
1. Water 2. Electrolytes 3. Urea + Uric Acid 4. Gases
44
What uses Facilitated Diffusion across the placenta?
Glucose
45
What things use Active Transport across the placenta? (3 things)
1. A.A 2. Iron 3. Vitamins They have specific transporters in the syncytiotrophoblast
46
How is passive immunity acheived by the foetus?
By Receptor Mediated Endocytosis (RME) * Receptors are specific for igG (antibodies) * igG transported from maternal → foetal blood
47
What are the physiological changes of pregnancy? (6 things)
1. Respiratory System 2. Immune System 3. GI System 4. CVS 5. Urinary System 6. Metabolic changes RIGCUM
48
What are the CVS changes of pregnancy? (3 things: 5 increases, 2 decreases and 1 other change)
Increased: 1. Plasma Volume 2. CO 3. Stroke Volume 4. Heart Rate 5. Coagulation factors and fibrinogen Decreased 1. Serum album concentration 2. Blood pressure in first 2 trimesters Compression of IVC by uterus
49
What are the Urinary System changes of pregnancy? (2 things)
Increased: 1. GFR 2. Increased Renal Plasma Flow
50
What are the Respiratory System changes of pregnancy? (4 things: 2 increases, 2 decreases)
Increased: 1. Tidal Volume 2. pO2 Decreased 1. pCO2 2. Function Residual Capacity (because diaphragm displaced)
51
What are the GI System changes of pregnancy? (4 things)
1. Nausea and vomiting 2. Delayed emptying 3. GI reflux 4. Appendix moves to RUQ
52
What are the Metabolic changes of pregnancy? (1 thing)
Increased insulin resistance → body switches to gluconeogenesis and alternative fuels
53
What are the signs and symptoms of pre-eclampsia? (2 things)
1. Increased blood pressure 2. Prroteinuria
54
What is Gestational diabetes?
Insulin resistance in pregnancy
55
What can gestational diabetes cause? (3 things)
1. Macrosomic foetus (big baby) 2. Still birth 3. Congenital defects
56
What causes anaemia in pregnancy? (2 things)
1. Increase in plasma volume 2. Iron deficiency

ETA 4: REPRODUCTION (10 decks)

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