11. respiration

Question 1

ectotherms

Answer 1

heat from environment animals

Question 2

endotherm

Answer 2

make own heat

Question 3

diffusion system orgs

Answer 3

cnidaria, annelids have mucus,

Question 4

trachea orgs

Answer 4

arthropods with trachea and spiracle openings

Question 5

book lungs

Answer 5

spider

Question 6

fish

Answer 6

gills with water washing over it. countercurrent exchange

Question 7

lungs in human

Answer 7

left lung has 2 lobes, while right has 3 for heart. two pleura layers. parietal is inside, visceral is surface

Question 8

co2 is transported in blood as

Answer 8

bicarbonate or carbonic anhydrase

Question 9

pharynx

Answer 9

throat

Question 10

trachea

Answer 10

goes to lungs, covered by epiglottis when eating

Question 11

bohr affect

Answer 11

RBC binding to o2 decreases under low pH (releases when there is too much bicarbonate!)

shows how Co2/ H+ affects hemoglobin’s affinity for o@

Question 12

Haldane effect

Answer 12

hemoglobin at tissues will bind co2, at lungs will bind o2

shows how O2 is aff3cting hemoglobin’s affinity for CO2/H+

Question 13

medulla oblongata

Answer 13

signals diaphragm to contract. high co2 means high ventilation

Question 14

emphysema

Answer 14

destroys alveoli

Question 15

2-3-DPG

Answer 15

produced in presence of less o2 in tissue. means that more o2 releases if its there

Question 16

acidosis

Answer 16

inadequate ventillation. CO2 builds up and pH drop

** cause is not breathing

Question 17

alkalosis

Answer 17

too rapid breathing. loosing CO2 too fast, and pH increase.

** cause is not breathing

Question 18

chloride shift

Answer 18

to balance the bicarbonate, chloride diffuses into cells when bicarbonate diffuses out

Question 19

myoglobin curve

Answer 19

muscles don’t release o2 so hyperbolic

Question 20

fetal hemoglobin curve

Answer 20

higher binding affinity so left

Question 21

CADET face RIGHT

Answer 21

co2, acid, 2-3- DPG, exercise and temp all move o2 to release (curve goes right)

Question 22

Tidal volume (VT):

Answer 22

the volume of air that normally is inhaled (or exhaled) in one quiet breath

Question 23

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV):

Answer 23

(IRV): the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal
volume inhalation

Question 24

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV):

Answer 24

the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal tidal
volume exhalation

Question 25

Residual volume (RV):

Answer 25

the amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation; air that cannot be exhaled

Question 26

Vital capacity (VC):

Answer 26

the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration; expressed as IRV + VT + ERV

Question 27

Inspiratory capacity

Answer 27

the volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation; expressed as VT + IRV

Question 28

Functional residual capacity

Answer 28

the volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal exhalation; expressed as ERV + RV

Question 29

Total lung capacity (TLC):

Answer 29

the maximum amount of air that the lungs can accommodate; expressed as IC + FRC

Question 30

nervous tissues

Answer 30

brain, spinal chord, nerves

Question 31

connective tissue

Answer 31

blood, bones, any dermal layer of skin - fat and other soft padding - tendons

Question 32

muscular tissue

Answer 32

cardiac, skeletal and smooth (organs)

Question 33

epithelial

Answer 33

lining of organs and outer skin | *alveoli

Question 34

plant respiration

Answer 34

through stomata, or lenticels in woody stems

Question 35

two types of epithelial cells in alveoli

Answer 35

structural support, and produce surfactant

Question 36

goblet cells

Answer 36

make mucus

Question 37

varying levels of CO2 transport

Answer 37

bicarbonate>>hemoglobin/plasma protein bound>>dissolved in the plasma

Question 38

co2 is more soluble in ___ than o2

Answer 38

blood

Question 39

carbonic anhydrase

Answer 39

turns CO2 into H2CO3 at tissues, and then eventually it becomes bicarbonate. then when CO2 has to r-enter RBC, the enzyme will reverse it back to CI2

Question 40

reduced haemoglobin

Answer 40

when the H+ from bicarbonate binds, changing the form to be more binding to CO2

Question 41

respiration control

Answer 41

central chemoreceptors in the medulla monitor H+ in the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral chemoreceptors monitor the carotid arteries and aorta. check CO2. O2, and H+

Question 42

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells

Answer 42

are present in trachea and respiratory. they may have goblet cells

Question 43

coopertivity

Answer 43

once one O2 binds. then many more bind to form oxyhemoglobin

Question 44

right shift of oxygen curve

Answer 44

means u release o2 easier, and thus the curve is that tissues NEED more o2

Question 45

bird respiration

Answer 45

they have air sacks so breathing is continuous!