11.3 circulatory

Question 1

protazoa and cnidarians

Answer 1

diffusion

Question 2

arthropods

Answer 2

open system with a cavity called hemocoel. fluid returns through ostia holes

Question 3

mollusks

Answer 3

open except for cephalopods

Question 4

annelids

Answer 4

closed system in vessels. dorsal vessels and aortic loops

Question 5

bird heart chambers

Answer 5

4

Question 6

reptiles and amphi heart chambers

Answer 6

3

Question 7

fish chambers

Answer 7

2

Question 8

crocs and gators chambers

Answer 8

4

Question 9

heart human

Answer 9

• surrounded by pericardium sac

4 chamber

Question 10

blood pathway

Answer 10

right atria gets deoxygenated blood enters via superior and inferior vena cava
then Right ventricle – blood is squeezed through right AV/tricuspid valve into right ventricle which contracts and pumps blood into pulmonary artery through the
pulmonary semilunar valve.

Question 11

pulmonary circuit

Answer 11

Blood flows from R+L pulmonary arteries to

pulmonary veins then left atrium OXYGENATED VEINS

Question 12

systemic circuit

Answer 12

Left atrium – after lungs the oxygenated blood enters left atrium via pulmonary
veins
Left ventricle – after going through left AV(aka mitral or bicuspid) valve, blood from
left ventricle goes to aorta through the aortic semilunar valve into rest of body:
▪ Aorta (largest vessel) then tissues
superior and inferior vena cava

Question 13

right/ left AV valve

Answer 13

left AV valve prevents backlow into atrium,

Question 14

pulmonary/ aortic semilunar valve

Answer 14

prevents it into ventricle

Question 15

ejection fraction

Answer 15

percentage left in ventricles after contraction

Question 16

how does heart contract

Answer 16

SA node initiates impulse to AV node. AV is delayed to allow atria to empty. spreads the signal via gap junctions. This goes through bundle of his then into ventricles via purkinje fibres which contract both ventricles together.

Question 17

lub sound

Answer 17

ventricles contract is systole. blood is forced through pulmonary and aorta. tricuspid and mitral valves shut

*begining of systole

Question 18

dub sound

Answer 18

ventricles relax so diastole which causes semilunar aorta and pulmonary valves to close to prevent backflow

** diastole begins

Question 19

lowest blood pressure is

Answer 19

venues.

Question 20

arteries

Answer 20

smooth muscle, thick walls, three layers with endothelial, smooth and then connective tissue

** highest blood pressure

Question 21

arterioles

Answer 21

small, smooth muscle, reroute blood. most resistance to bP is here

Question 22

capillaries

Answer 22

one cell thick

absorption: in the red end, stuff goes out, but at venous end, stuff goes back inside

Question 23

veins have _ or lower cross sectional area than arteries

Answer 23

4x higher

Question 24

lymph

Answer 24

transports proteins and large particles. also checks for infection. has valves. contain WBC’s so swollen when sick. also absorbs fat.

Question 25

blood serum

Answer 25

plasma - clotting factors

Question 26

blood plasma

Answer 26

made up of immunoglobulins, albumin, clotting stuff

Question 27

blood contains

Answer 27

RBC. WBC, plateleyys

Question 28

rbc

Answer 28

bind o2, and convert co2 to h2co3. kidney secretes erythropoietin to stimulate bone marrow production - get energy from glycolysis only. have spectra to resist shearing

Question 29

wbc

Answer 29

large and digest foreign stuff and organisms | - have organelles

Question 30

platelets/ thrombocytes

Answer 30

- stick to damaged skin and attract more. convert fibrinogen to fibrin - can produce prostaglandins

Question 31

blood clotting process

Answer 31

platelets plug hole, release thromboplastin clotting factor which converts prothrombin to active thrombin. that converts fibrinogen into fibrin that form a clot

Question 32

heart attack vs stroke

Answer 32

weird thrombus forming and stroke if it causes death of nervous tissue

Question 33

fetal circulation

Answer 33

blood from placenta goes to baby via umbilical chord then to ductus venous (blood bypasses liver) to heart. then ductus arterioles which bypasses pulmonary circulation then entires the left atria directly from right atria via foramen ovale.

Question 34

cardiac output

Answer 34

*stroke volume is just volume leaving ventricles volume leaving ventricles each minute

Question 35

rh factor

Answer 35

blood antigen that kills baby in 2nd pregnancy ** this is when blood type doesn't match!

Question 36

phosphate buffer

Answer 36

maintains pH of INTERNAL cells. bicarbonate is EXTRACELL

Question 37

hemorrhage

Answer 37

causes reduced BP so increase cardiac output

Question 38

blood brain barrier

Answer 38

blockade of cells that slows stuff from getting into CNS

Question 39

LAB RAT

Answer 39

Left atrium is bicuspid valve | Right atrium is tricuspid

Question 40

thoracic duct and right lympathic duct empty into

Answer 40

left and right subclavian veins

Question 41

thymus and bone marrow are the primary ___

Answer 41

lyphoid organs that replenish immune cells

Question 42

thymus houses

Answer 42

t cells

Question 43

bone marrow makes

Answer 43

b cells

Question 44

peripheral lymphoid tissues

Answer 44

TALAPS | tonsils, adenoids, lymph nodes, appendix, peyters patches and spleen

Question 45

blood is what tissue

Answer 45

connective tissue

Question 46

if blood cell supply is low... bone?

Answer 46

yellow bone changes to red bone marrow!

Question 47

ductus venosus

Answer 47

allows blood in bb to bypass liver

Question 48

ductus arteriosus

Answer 48

bypasses the lungs/ fetal pulmonary circulation

Question 49

foramen ovale

Answer 49

allows blood to bypass pulmonary circulation by entering left atria directly from right to skip gas exchange

Question 50

cardiac output

Answer 50

stroke volume X Heart rate | ** volume discharged by ventricles per MIN

Question 51

stroke volume

Answer 51

end diastolic volume - end systolic

Question 52

blood pressure

Answer 52

cardiac output per minute times systemic vascular resistance

Question 53

double capillary beds

Answer 53

hepatic portal system, and hypophyseal portal system ** allows blood to pool into portal vein, then into vein that returns blood to heart w/;o directly going to heart. this allows it to transport products in high cxn to certain part

Question 54

hepatic portal system

Answer 54

intestine stuff via hepatic portal vein ** capillary bed allows liver to screen blood

Question 55

hypophyseal portal system

Answer 55

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland capillary bed